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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
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### How to add an article?
The Git repository contains 2 branches:
- the main branch which has the blog engine
- the `gh-pages` (as GitHub) which contains the generated website
The user can have an overview of the website via:
```shell-session
$ git clone git@git.robur.coop:robur/blog.robur.coop
$ cd blog.robur.coop/
$ opam pin add -yn .
$ opam install --deps-only blogger
$ dune exec src/blogger.exe -- watch
```
A little server run on `http://localhost:8080`.
The user can add an article into the `articles/` directory. The format is easy.
A simple header which starts with `---` and finish with `---`. Inside, you have
a YAML description of the article where some fields are required:
- `date`
- `article.title`
- `article.description`
- `tags`
You can specify an `author` (with its `name`, `email` and `link`) or not. By
default, we use `team@robur.coop`. If everything looks good, you can generate
via the `blogger.exe` tool the generated website via:
```shell-session
$ dune exec src/blogger.exe -- push \
-r git@git.robur.coop:robur/blog.robur.coop.git#gh-pages
--hook https://blog.robur.coop/hook \
[--name "The Robur team"] \
[--email team@robur.coop]
```
An SSH communication will starts. If you already registered your private key
with `ssh-agent` and your `.ssh/config` is configured to take this one if you
communicate with with `git@git.robur.coop`, everything will be smooth! Et voilà!
At the end, an HTTP request will be send to `https://blog.robur.coop` to update
the unikernel with the last version of the blog.
**NOTE**: don't forget `#gh-pages`! Also, you probably should do a `git pull`.

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---
date: 2023-11-13
article.title: MirageVPN & tls-crypt-v2
article.description:
How we implementated tls-crypt-v2 for miragevpn
tags:
- OCaml
- MirageOS
- VPN
- security
author:
name: Reynir Björnsson
email: reynir@reynir.dk
link: https://reyn.ir/
---
# Miragevpn & tls-crypt-v2
hannes is undecided - should it be "MirageVPN"?
In 2019 [Robur][robur.coop] started working on a [OpenVPN™-compatible implementation in OCaml][miragevpn].
The project was funded for 6 months in 2019 by [prototypefund](https://prototypefund.de).
In late 2022 we applied again for funding this time to the [NGI Assure][ngi-assure] open call, and our application was eventually accepted.
In this blog post I will explain why reimplementing the OpenVPN™ protocol in OCaml is a worthwhile effort, and describe the Miragevpn implementation and in particular the `tls-crypt-v2` mechanism.
## What even is OpenVPN™?
[OpenVPN™][openvpn] is a protocol and software implementation to provide [virtual private networks][vpn-wiki]: computer networks that do not exist in hardware and are encrypted and tunnelled through existing networks.
Common use cases for this is to provide access to internal networks for remote workers, and for routing internet traffic through another machine for various reasons e.g. when using untrusted wifi, privacy from a snooping ISP, circumventing geoblock etc.
It is a protocol that has been worked on and evolved over the decades.
OpenVPN™ has a number of modes of operations as well as a number of options in the order of hundreds.
The modes can be categorized into two main categories: static mode and TLS mode.
The former mode uses static symmetric keys, and will be removed in the upcoming OpenVPN™ 2.7 (community edition).
I will not focus on static mode in this post.
The latter uses separate data & control channels where the control channel uses TLS - more on that later.
### Why reimplement it? And why in OCaml?
Before diving into TLS mode and eventually tls-crypt-v2 it's worth to briefly discuss why we spend time reimplementing the OpenVPN™ protocol.
You may ask yourself: why not just use the existing tried and tested implementation?
OpenVPN™ community edition is implemented in the C programming language.
It heavily uses the OpenSSL library[^mbedtls] which is as well written in C and has in the past had some notable security vulnerabilities.
Many vulnerabilities and bugs in C can be easily avoided in other languages due to bounds checking and stricter and more expressive type systems.
The state machine of the protocol can be more easily be expressed in OCaml, and some properties of the protocol can be encoded in the type system.
[^mbedtls]: It is possible to compile OpenVPN™ community edition with Mbed TLS instead of OpenSSL which is written in C as well.
Another reason is [Mirage OS][mirage], a library operating system implemented in OCaml.
We work on the Mirage project and write applications (unikernels) using Mirage.
In many cases it would be desirable to be able to connect to an existing VPN network[^vpn-network],
or be able to offer a VPN network to clients using OpenVPN™.
<!-- hannes: consider the current setup: as a VPN provider you offer lots of machines that run an operating system just for the user-space OpenVPN service. there are no users on the system, a lot of legacy layers are just around that are not needed.
With a MirageOS unikernel (and reproducible builds), which basically is a statically linked binary which is a complete operating system, such a setup and deployment (including updates) will be straightforward. With OCaml 5 and multicore in mind, this will even scale much better than OpenVPN (which is limited to a single core (hannes is not sure whether this is still true)).
-->
One very interesting example is a unikernel for [Qubes OS][qubes] that we have planned.
Qubes OS is an operating system with a high focus on security.
It offers an almost seamless experience of running applications in different virtual machines on the same machine.
The networking provided to a application (virtual machine) can be restricted to only go through the VPN.
It is possible to use OpenVPN™ for such a setup, but that requires running OpenVPN™ in a full Linux virtual machine.
With Mirage OS the resource footprint is typically much smaller than an equivalent application running in a Linux virtual machine; often the memory footprint is smaller by an order.
[^vpn-network]: I use the term "VPN network" to mean the virtual private network itself. It is a bit odd because the 'N' in 'VPN' is 'Network', but without disambiguation 'VPN' could refer to the network itself, the software or the service.
Finally, while it's not an explicit goal of ours, reimplementing a protocol without an explicit specification can help uncover bugs and things that need better documentation in the original implementation.
### TLS mode
There are different variants of TLS mode, but what they share is separate "control" channel and "data" channel.
The control channel is used to do a TLS handshake, and with the established TLS session data channel encryption keys, username/password authentication, etc. is negotiated.
Once this dance has been performed and data channel encryption keys have been negotiated the peers can exchange IP packets over the data channel.
Over the years a number of mechanisms has been implemented to protect the TLS stack from being exposed to third parties, protect against denial of service attacks and to hide information exchanged during a TLS handshake such as certificates (which was an isue before TLS 1.3).
These are known as `tls-auth`, `tls-crypt` and `tls-crypt-v2`.
The `tls-auth` mechanism adds a pre-shared key for hmac authentication on the control channel.
This makes it possible for an OpenVPN™ server to reject early clients that don't know the shared key before any TLS handshakes are performed.
In `tls-crypt` the control channel is encrypted as well as hmac authenticated using a pre-shared key.
Common to both is that the pre-shared key is shared between the server and all clients.
For large deployments this significantly reduces the usefulness - the key is more likely to be leaked the greate the number of clients who share this key.
### tls-crypt-v2
To improve on `tls-crypt`, `tls-crypt-v2` uses one pre-shared key per client.
This could be a lot of keys for the server to keep track of, so instead of storing all the client keys on the server the server has a special tls-crypt-v2 server key that is used to *[wrap][wiki-wrap]* the client keys.
That is, each client has their own client key as well as the client key wrapped using the server key.
The protocol is then extended so the client in the first message appends the wrapped key *unencrypted*.
The server can then decrypt and verify the client key and decrypt the rest of the packet.
Then the client and server use the client key just as in `tls-crypt`.
This is great!
Each client can have their own key, and the server doesn't need to keep a potentially large database of client keys.
What if the client's key is leaked?
A detail I didn't mention is that the wrapped key contains metadata.
By default this is the current timestamp, but it is possible on creation to put any (relative short) binary data in there as the metadata.
The server can then be configured to check the metadata by calling a script.
An issue exists that an initial packet takes up resources on the server because the server needs to
1) decrypt the wrapped key, and
2) keep the unwrapped key and other data in memory while waiting for the handshake to complete.
This can be abused in an attack very similar to a TCP [SYN flood][syn-flood].
Without `tls-crypt-v2` OpenVPN uses a specially crafted session ID (a 64 bit identifier) to avoid this issue similar to [SYN cookies][syn-cookie].
To address this in OpenVPN 2.6 the protocol for `tls-crypt-v2` was extended yet further with a 'HMAC cookie' mechanism.
The client sends the same packet as before, but uses a sequence number `0x0f000001` instead of `1` to signal support of this mechanism.
The server responds in a similar manner with a sequence number of `0x0f000001` and the packet is appended with a tag-length-value encoded list of flags.
At the moment only one tag and one value is defined which signifies the server supports HMAC cookies - this seems unnecessarily complex, but is done to allow future extensibility.
Finally, if the server supports HMAC cookies, the client sends a packet where the wrapped key is appended in cleartext.
The server is now able to decrypt the third packet without having to keep the key from the first packet around and can verify the session id.
<!-- hannes
something along the lines: if you're keen on setting this up yourself, go to <here> and download the latest binary, and execute it (well, just a brief howto get it up and running). Don't hesitate to reach out if you're stuck.
-->
[robur.coop]: https://robur.coop/
[miragevpn]: https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn/
[ngi-assure]: https://www.assure.ngi.eu/
[openvpn]: https://openvpn.net/
[vpn-wiki]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network
[mirage]: https://mirage.io/
[qubes]: https://www.qubes-os.org/
[wiki-wrap]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_wrap
[syn-flood]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYN_flood
[syn-cookie]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYN_cookies

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opam-version: "2.0"
version: "dev"
synopsis: " The source code of the generator and the content of my blog, naively using YOCaml "
maintainer: "romain.calascibetta@gmail.com"
authors: [ "The XHTMLBoy <xhtmlboi@gmail.com>" ]
build: [
[ "dune" "subst" ]
[ "dune" "build" "-p" name "-j" jobs ]
[ "dune" "runtest" "-p" name ] {with-test}
[ "dune" "build" "@doc" "-p" name ] {with-doc}
]
license: "GPL-3.0-or-later"
tags: [ "angry" "cuisine" "nerd" "ocaml" "preface" ]
homepage: "https://github.com/dinosaure/blogger"
dev-repo: "git://github.com/dinosaure/blogger.git"
bug-reports: "https://github.com/dinosaure/blogger/issues"
depends: [
"ocaml" { >= "4.11.1" }
"dune" { >= "2.8" }
"preface" { >= "0.1.0" }
"logs" {>= "0.7.0" }
"cmdliner" { >= "1.0.0"}
"http-lwt-client"
"yocaml"
"yocaml_unix"
"yocaml_yaml"
"yocaml_cmark"
"yocaml_git"
"yocaml_jingoo"
]
pin-depends: [
["yocaml.dev" "git+https://github.com/xhtmlboi/yocaml.git"]
["yocaml_unix.dev" "git+https://github.com/xhtmlboi/yocaml.git"]
["yocaml_yaml.dev" "git+https://github.com/xhtmlboi/yocaml.git"]
["yocaml_markdown.dev" "git+https://github.com/xhtmlboi/yocaml.git"]
["yocaml_jingoo.dev" "git+https://github.com/xhtmlboi/yocaml.git"]
["yocaml_git.dev" "git+https://github.com/xhtmlboi/yocaml.git"]
["yocaml_cmark.dev" "git+https://github.com/xhtmlboi/yocaml.git"]
]

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/*!
Theme: devibeans (dark)
Author: @terminaldweller
Maintainer: @terminaldweller
Inspired by vim's jellybeans theme (https://github.com/nanotech/jellybeans.vim)
*/
.hljs {
background: #000000;
color: #a39e9b;
}
.hljs-attr,
.hljs-template-tag {
color: #8787d7;
}
.hljs-comment,
.hljs-doctag,
.hljs-quote {
color: #339966;
}
.hljs-params {
color: #a39e9b;
}
.hljs-regexp {
color: #d700ff;
}
.hljs-tag,
.hljs-selector-id,
.hljs-number,
.hljs-literal {
color: #ef5350;
}
.hljs-meta,
.hljs-meta .hljs-keyword {
color: #0087ff;
}
/* opt-out */
.hljs-operator,
.hljs-punctuation{
}
.hljs-selector-class,
.hljs-code,
.hljs-formula,
.hljs-variable,
.hljs-template-variable,
.hljs-selector-attr,
.hljs-selector-pseudo,
.hljs-link,
.hljs-keyword {
color: #64b5f6;
}
.hljs-built_in,
.hljs-title,
.hljs-deletion {
color: #ff8700;
}
.hljs-type,
.hljs-section,
.hljs-function,
.hljs-name,
.hljs-property,
.hljs-attribute {
color: #ffd75f;
}
.hljs-meta .hljs-string,
.hljs-string,
.hljs-subst,
.hljs-symbol,
.hljs-bullet,
.hljs-addition {
color: #558b2f;
}
.hljs-selector-tag {
color: #9966ff;
}
.hljs-emphasis {
font-style: italic;
}
.hljs-strong {
font-weight: bold;
}

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/* Stolen from xvw.github.io */
*,
*::before,
*::after {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
/* It is so obvious that it is surprising that it is not the default
behaviour! */
body {
margin: 32px auto;
padding: 16px;
max-width: 840px;
background-color: #fff;
color: #444444;
font-family: monospace;
}
h1,
h2,
h3 {
line-height: 1.2;
}
header {
margin-bottom: 32px;
}
header h1 {
margin: 0;
font-weight: 900;
}
header h1::before,
header h1::after {
color: #a3a1a8;
font-weight: 100;
}
header h1::before {
content: "<h1>";
}
header h1::after {
content: "</h1>";
}
header blockquote {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
hr {
width: 0%;
min-width: 20%;
max-width: 100%;
margin: 0 auto;
border: none;
border-bottom: 1px solid #666;
position: relative;
transition: box-shadow 200ms ease-in-out;
box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px #f9f9f9;
}
main {
margin: 42px 0px;
line-height: 1.6;
}
footer {
padding-top: 32px;
}
.list-articles {
list-style: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
.list-articles > li {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
margin-bottom: 10px;
display: flex;
flex-direction: row;
}
.list-articles > li > div.side {
flex: 0;
}
.list-articles > li > div.side img {
width: 32px;
}
.list-articles > li > div.content {
flex: 1;
margin-left: 12px;
}
.list-articles > li > div.content > span.date {
color: #a3a1a8;
}
.list-articles > li > div.content > p {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
.list-articles > li > div.content > div.bottom {
padding: 4px 0;
margin: 8px 0;
display: flex;
flex-direction: row;
align-items: center;
}
article h1 {
font-size: 1.8em;
margin: 20px 0;
}
article h2 {
font-size: 1.6em;
margin-top: 8px;
}
article h3 {
font-size: 1.4em;
margin-top: 4px;
}
article h4 {
font-size: 1.2em;
margin-top: 2px;
}
article blockquote h4 {
margin-top: 34px;
margin-bottom: -16px;
}
article pre {
margin: 16px 8px;
padding: 8px;
font-family: 'Courier new', monospace;
font-size: 1.2em;
line-height: 100%;
width: 100%;
overflow-x: auto;
background-color: #000;
}
article img {
display: block;
margin: 32px auto;
max-width: 100%;
}
.hljs-built_in {
text-decoration: none;
}
.hljs-doctag,
.hljs-formula,
.hljs-symbol,
.hljs-string {
background: none;
color: #666;
}
article pre code {
font-size: 0.8em;
}
article code {
font-family: 'Courier new', monospace;
font-size: 0.8em;
}
.tag-box {
margin: 0;
margin-bottom: 32px;
padding-bottom: 12px;
color: #111;
}
.tag-box > h3 {
display: inline-block;
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
.tag-box > h3 > span {
padding: 2px 8px;
background-color: #111;
color: #fff;
}
.tag-box > h3 > span::before {
content: "#";
}
.valid {
display: inline-block;
margin: 20px 0;
border: 2px solid #444444;
color: #444444;
font-weight: 900;
font-size: 0.8em;
text-decoration: none;
text-transform: uppercase;
padding: 4px 4px 4px 1.5em;
position: relative;
}
.valid::before {
content: "";
position: absolute;
border-color: #009933;
border-style: solid;
border-width: 0 0.3em 0.25em 0;
height: 1em;
top: 1.3em;
left: 0.6em;
margin-top: -1em;
transform: rotate(58deg);
width: 0.5em;
}
.small-button {
display: inline-block;
margin: 4px 0;
font-weight: 900;
font-size: 0.7em;
text-decoration: none;
text-transform: uppercase;
padding: 2px 4px;
position: relative;
}
.rss {
background-color: #d94c1a;
color: #fff;
}
.twitter {
background-color: #506ad4;
color: #fff;
}
.github {
background-color: #111;
color: #fff;
}
.aeration {
margin: 32px 0 !important;
}
.tags-list {
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
}
article .tags-list {
margin-bottom: 32px;
}
.tags-list > li {
display: inline-block;
background-color: #f2f2f2;
color: #333333;
margin: 2px;
padding: 2px 8px;
font-size: 0.8em;
}
.tags-list > li::before {
content: "#";
color: #666;
margin-right: 2px;
}
.tags-list > li > a {
color: #333333;
text-decoration: none;
}
@media screen and (max-width: 720px) {
header h1 {
margin-left: 32px;
}
header h1::before,
header h1::after {
margin-left: -32px;
display: block;
}
header .banner {
display: none;
}
header blockquote {
margin-top: 16px;
}
main blockquote {
margin: 4px;
}
}

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(lang dune 2.8)
(name blogger)

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---
title: Index
description: The famous root of the website
---
The Robur blog.

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let caller = Sys.argv.(0)
let version = "%%VERSION%%"
let default_port = 8888
let default_target = Fpath.v "_site"
let program ~target =
let open Yocaml in
let* () = Task.move_javascript target in
let* () = Task.move_css target in
let* () = Task.move_images target in
let* () = Task.process_articles target in
let* () = Task.generate_feed target in
let* () = Task.generate_tags target in
Task.generate_index target
let local_build _quiet target =
Yocaml_unix.execute (program ~target:(Fpath.to_string target))
module SSH = struct
open Lwt.Infix
type error = Unix.error * string * string
type write_error = [ `Closed | `Error of Unix.error * string * string ]
let pp_error ppf (err, f, v) =
Fmt.pf ppf "%s(%s): %s" f v (Unix.error_message err)
let pp_write_error ppf = function
| `Closed -> Fmt.pf ppf "Connection closed by peer"
| `Error (err, f, v) -> Fmt.pf ppf "%s(%s): %s" f v (Unix.error_message err)
type flow = { ic : in_channel; oc : out_channel }
type endpoint = {
user : string;
path : string;
host : Unix.inet_addr;
port : int;
capabilities : [ `Rd | `Wr ];
}
let pp_inet_addr ppf inet_addr =
Fmt.string ppf (Unix.string_of_inet_addr inet_addr)
let connect { user; path; host; port; capabilities } =
let edn = Fmt.str "%s@%a" user pp_inet_addr host in
let cmd =
match capabilities with
| `Wr -> Fmt.str {sh|git-receive-pack '%s'|sh} path
| `Rd -> Fmt.str {sh|git-upload-pack '%s'|sh} path
in
let cmd = Fmt.str "ssh -p %d %s %a" port edn Fmt.(quote string) cmd in
try
let ic, oc = Unix.open_process cmd in
Lwt.return_ok { ic; oc }
with Unix.Unix_error (err, f, v) -> Lwt.return_error (`Error (err, f, v))
let read t =
let tmp = Bytes.create 0x1000 in
try
let len = input t.ic tmp 0 0x1000 in
if len = 0 then Lwt.return_ok `Eof
else Lwt.return_ok (`Data (Cstruct.of_bytes tmp ~off:0 ~len))
with Unix.Unix_error (err, f, v) -> Lwt.return_error (err, f, v)
let write t cs =
let str = Cstruct.to_string cs in
try
output_string t.oc str;
flush t.oc;
Lwt.return_ok ()
with Unix.Unix_error (err, f, v) -> Lwt.return_error (`Error (err, f, v))
let writev t css =
let rec go t = function
| [] -> Lwt.return_ok ()
| x :: r -> (
write t x >>= function
| Ok () -> go t r
| Error _ as err -> Lwt.return err)
in
go t css
let close t =
close_in t.ic;
close_out t.oc;
Lwt.return_unit
end
let ssh_edn, ssh_protocol = Mimic.register ~name:"ssh" (module SSH)
let unix_ctx_with_ssh () =
let open Lwt.Infix in
Git_unix.ctx (Happy_eyeballs_lwt.create ()) >|= fun ctx ->
let open Mimic in
let k0 scheme user path host port capabilities =
match (scheme, Unix.gethostbyname host) with
| `SSH, { Unix.h_addr_list; _ } when Array.length h_addr_list > 0 ->
Lwt.return_some
{ SSH.user; path; host = h_addr_list.(0); port; capabilities }
| _ -> Lwt.return_none
in
ctx
|> Mimic.fold Smart_git.git_transmission
Fun.[ req Smart_git.git_scheme ]
~k:(function `SSH -> Lwt.return_some `Exec | _ -> Lwt.return_none)
|> Mimic.fold ssh_edn
Fun.
[
req Smart_git.git_scheme;
req Smart_git.git_ssh_user;
req Smart_git.git_path;
req Smart_git.git_hostname;
dft Smart_git.git_port 22;
req Smart_git.git_capabilities;
]
~k:k0
let run_git_config key = function
| Some value -> Some value
| None -> (
let open Bos in
let value = OS.Cmd.run_out Cmd.(v "git" % "config" % "--global" % key) in
match OS.Cmd.out_string value with
| Ok (value, _) -> Some value
| Error _ -> None)
let get_name_and_email name email =
let name = run_git_config "user.name" name in
let email = run_git_config "user.email" email in
(name, email)
let name_and_email =
let name_arg =
let doc = "Name of the committer." in
Cmdliner.Arg.(value & opt (some string) None & info [ "name" ] ~doc)
in
let email_arg =
let doc = "Email of the committer." in
Cmdliner.Arg.(value & opt (some string) None & info [ "email" ] ~doc)
in
Cmdliner.Term.(const get_name_and_email $ name_arg $ email_arg)
let build_and_push _quiet remote (author, email) hook =
let fiber () =
let open Lwt.Syntax in
let* ctx = unix_ctx_with_ssh () in
let* res =
Yocaml_git.execute
(module Yocaml_unix)
(module Pclock)
~ctx ?author ?email remote (program ~target:"")
in
match res with
| Error (`Msg err) -> Fmt.failwith "build-and-push: %s." err
| Ok () -> (
match hook with
| None -> Lwt.return_unit
| Some hook -> (
let open Lwt.Infix in
Http_lwt_client.request ~config:(`HTTP_1_1 Httpaf.Config.default)
~meth:`GET (Uri.to_string hook)
(fun _ () _ -> Lwt.return_unit)
()
>>= function
| Ok (_response, ()) -> Lwt.return_unit
| Error (`Msg err) -> failwith err))
in
Lwt_main.run (fiber ())
let watch quiet target potential_port =
let port = Option.value ~default:default_port potential_port in
let () = local_build quiet target in
let target = Fpath.to_string target in
let server = Yocaml_unix.serve ~filepath:target ~port (program ~target) in
Lwt_main.run server
let common_options = "COMMON OPTIONS"
let verbosity =
let open Cmdliner in
let env = Cmd.Env.info "BLOGGER_LOGS" in
Logs_cli.level ~docs:common_options ~env ()
let renderer =
let open Cmdliner in
let env = Cmd.Env.info "BLOGGER_FMT" in
Fmt_cli.style_renderer ~docs:common_options ~env ()
let utf_8 =
let open Cmdliner in
let doc = "Allow binaries to emit UTF-8 characters." in
let env = Cmd.Env.info "BLOGGER_UTF_8" in
Arg.(value & opt bool true & info [ "with-utf-8" ] ~doc ~env)
let reporter ppf =
let report src level ~over k msgf =
let k _ =
over ();
k ()
in
let with_metadata header _tags k ppf fmt =
Fmt.kpf k ppf
("%a[%a]: " ^^ fmt ^^ "\n%!")
Logs_fmt.pp_header (level, header)
Fmt.(styled `Magenta string)
(Logs.Src.name src)
in
msgf @@ fun ?header ?tags fmt -> with_metadata header tags k ppf fmt
in
{ Logs.report }
let setup_logs utf_8 style_renderer level =
Fmt_tty.setup_std_outputs ~utf_8 ?style_renderer ();
Logs.set_level level;
Logs.set_reporter (reporter Fmt.stderr);
Option.is_none level
let setup_logs = Cmdliner.Term.(const setup_logs $ utf_8 $ renderer $ verbosity)
let man =
let open Cmdliner in
[ `S Manpage.s_authors; `P "blog.robur.coop" ]
let build_cmd =
let open Cmdliner in
let doc = Format.asprintf "Build the blog into the specified directory" in
let exits = Cmd.Exit.defaults in
let info = Cmd.info "build" ~version ~doc ~exits ~man in
let path_arg =
let doc =
Format.asprintf "Specify where we build the website (default: %a)"
Fpath.pp default_target
in
let arg = Arg.info ~doc [ "destination" ] in
Arg.(value & opt (conv (Fpath.of_string, Fpath.pp)) default_target & arg)
in
Cmd.v info Term.(const local_build $ setup_logs $ path_arg)
let watch_cmd =
let open Cmdliner in
let doc =
Format.asprintf
"Serve from the specified directory as an HTTP server and rebuild \
website on demand"
in
let exits = Cmd.Exit.defaults in
let path_arg =
let doc =
Format.asprintf "Specify where we build the website (default: %a)"
Fpath.pp default_target
in
let arg = Arg.info ~doc [ "destination" ] in
Arg.(value & opt (conv (Fpath.of_string, Fpath.pp)) default_target & arg)
in
let port_arg =
let doc = Format.asprintf "The port (default: %d)" default_port in
let arg = Arg.info ~doc [ "port"; "P"; "p" ] in
Arg.(value & opt (some int) None & arg)
in
let info = Cmd.info "watch" ~version ~doc ~exits ~man in
Cmd.v info Term.(const watch $ setup_logs $ path_arg $ port_arg)
let push_cmd =
let open Cmdliner in
let doc =
Format.asprintf
"Push the blog (from the specified directory) into a Git repository"
in
let exits = Cmd.Exit.defaults in
let remote_arg =
let remote =
let parser str =
match Smart_git.Endpoint.of_string str with
| Ok _ -> Ok str
| Error _ as err -> err
in
Arg.conv (parser, Fmt.string)
in
let doc = "The remote Git repository" in
let arg = Arg.info ~doc [ "r"; "remote" ] in
Arg.(required & opt (some remote) None & arg)
in
let hook_arg =
let doc = "The URL of the hook to update the unikernel" in
let arg = Arg.info ~doc [ "h"; "hook" ] in
let of_string str =
match Uri.of_string str with
| v -> Ok v
| exception _ -> Rresult.R.error_msgf "Invalid URI: %s" str
in
Arg.(value & opt (some (conv (of_string, Uri.pp))) None & arg)
in
let info = Cmd.info "push" ~version ~doc ~exits ~man in
Cmd.v info
Term.(
const build_and_push $ setup_logs $ remote_arg $ name_and_email $ hook_arg)
let cmd =
let open Cmdliner in
let sdocs = Manpage.s_common_options in
let doc = "Build, push or serve my personal website" in
let default_info = Cmd.info caller ~version ~doc ~sdocs ~man in
let default = Term.(ret (const (`Help (`Pager, None)))) in
Cmd.group ~default default_info [ build_cmd; watch_cmd; push_cmd ]
let () = exit @@ Cmdliner.Cmd.eval cmd

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open Yocaml
let get_article (module V : Metadata.VALIDABLE) article_file =
let arr =
Build.read_file_with_metadata
(module V)
(module Model.Article)
article_file
in
let deps = Build.get_dependencies arr in
let task = Build.get_task arr in
let+ meta, _ = task () in
deps, (meta, Model.article_path article_file)
;;
let get_articles (module V : Metadata.VALIDABLE) path =
let* files = read_child_files path File.is_markdown in
let+ articles = Traverse.traverse (get_article (module V)) files in
let deps, effects = List.split articles in
Deps.Monoid.reduce deps, effects
;;
module Articles = struct
type t = (Model.Article.t * Filepath.t) list
let get_all (module V : Metadata.VALIDABLE) ?(decreasing = true) path =
let+ deps, articles = get_articles (module V) path in
let sorted_article = Model.Articles.sort ~decreasing articles in
Build.make deps (fun x -> return (x, sorted_article))
;;
end
module Tags = struct
module M = Map.Make (String)
let by_quantity ?(decreasing = true) (_, a) (_, b) =
let r = Int.compare $ List.length a $ List.length b in
if decreasing then ~-r else r
;;
let group metas =
List.fold_left
(fun accumulator (article, path) ->
List.fold_left
(fun map tag ->
match M.find_opt tag map with
| Some articles -> M.add tag ((article, path) :: articles) map
| None -> M.add tag [ article, path ] map)
accumulator
(Model.Article.tags article))
M.empty
metas
|> M.map
(List.sort (fun (a, _) (b, _) -> Model.Article.compare_by_date a b))
|> M.to_seq
|> List.of_seq
|> List.sort by_quantity
;;
let compute (module V : Metadata.VALIDABLE) path =
let+ deps, articles = get_articles (module V) path in
deps, group articles
;;
end

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open Yocaml
module Articles : sig
type t = (Model.Article.t * Filepath.t) list
val get_all
: (module Metadata.VALIDABLE)
-> ?decreasing:bool
-> Filepath.t
-> ('a, 'a * t) Build.t Effect.t
end
module Tags : sig
val compute
: (module Metadata.VALIDABLE)
-> Filepath.t
-> (Deps.t * (string * (Model.Article.t * string) list) list) Effect.t
end

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(executable
(name blogger)
(libraries
logs
logs.fmt
logs.cli
fmt
fmt.tty
fmt.cli
cmdliner
preface
mirage-clock-unix
http-lwt-client
git-unix
cmarkit
yocaml
yocaml_yaml
yocaml_cmark
yocaml_unix
yocaml_git
yocaml_jingoo))

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open Yocaml
let domain = "https://blog.robur.coop"
let feed_url = into domain "feed.xml"
let articles_to_items articles =
List.map
(fun (article, url) -> Model.Article.to_rss_item (into domain url) article)
articles
let make ((), articles) =
Yocaml.Rss.Channel.make ~title:"Robur's blog" ~link:domain ~feed_link:feed_url
~description:"The Robur cooperative blog" ~generator:"yocaml"
~webmaster:"team@robur.coop"
(articles_to_items articles)

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val make : unit * Collection.Articles.t -> Yocaml.Rss.Channel.t

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open Yocaml
let is_css = with_extension "css"
let is_javascript = with_extension "js"
let is_image =
let open Preface.Predicate in
with_extension "png"
|| with_extension "svg"
|| with_extension "jpg"
|| with_extension "jpeg"
|| with_extension "gif"
;;
let is_markdown =
let open Preface.Predicate in
with_extension "md" || with_extension "markdown"
;;

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open Yocaml
val is_css : Filepath.t -> bool
val is_javascript : Filepath.t -> bool
val is_image : Filepath.t -> bool
val is_markdown : Filepath.t -> bool

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open Yocaml
let article_path file =
let filename = basename $ replace_extension file "html" in
filename |> into "articles"
let tag_path tag = add_extension tag "html" |> into "tags"
module Author = struct
type t = {
name : string;
link : string;
email : string;
avatar : string option;
}
let equal a b =
String.equal a.name b.name && String.equal a.link b.link
&& String.equal a.email b.email
&& Option.equal String.equal a.avatar b.avatar
let make name link email avatar = { name; link; email; avatar }
let from (type a) (module V : Metadata.VALIDABLE with type t = a) obj =
V.object_and
(fun assoc ->
let open Validate.Applicative in
make
<$> V.(required_assoc string) "name" assoc
<*> V.(required_assoc string) "link" assoc
<*> V.(required_assoc string) "email" assoc
<*> V.(optional_assoc string) "avatar" assoc)
obj
let default_user =
make "robur" "https://blog.robur.coop/" "team@robur.coop" None
let gravatar email =
let tk = String.(lowercase_ascii $ trim email) in
let hs = Digest.(to_hex $ string tk) in
"https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/" ^ hs
let inject (type a) (module D : Key_value.DESCRIBABLE with type t = a)
{ name; link; email; avatar } =
let avatar = match avatar with Some uri -> uri | None -> gravatar email in
D.
[
("name", string name);
("link", string link);
("email", string email);
("avatar", string avatar);
]
end
module Co_author = struct
type t = { author : Author.t; contribution : string }
let make author contribution = { author; contribution }
let from (type a) (module V : Metadata.VALIDABLE with type t = a) obj =
V.object_and
(fun assoc ->
let open Validate.Applicative in
make
<$> V.(required_assoc (Author.from (module V))) "author" assoc
<*> V.(required_assoc string) "contribution" assoc)
obj
let inject (type a) (module D : Key_value.DESCRIBABLE with type t = a)
{ author; contribution } =
D.
[
("author", object_ $ Author.inject (module D) author);
("contribution", string contribution);
]
end
module Article = struct
type t = {
article_title : string;
article_description : string;
tags : string list;
date : Date.t;
title : string option;
description : string option;
author : Author.t;
co_authors : Co_author.t list;
invited_article : bool;
}
let date { date; _ } = date
let tags { tags; _ } = tags
let to_rss_item url article =
Rss.(
Item.make ~title:article.article_title ~link:url ~pub_date:article.date
~description:article.article_description ~guid:(Guid.link url) ())
let make article_title article_description tags date title description author
co_authors =
let author = Option.value ~default:Author.default_user author in
let invited_article = not (Author.equal author Author.default_user) in
{
article_title;
article_description;
tags = List.map String.lowercase_ascii tags;
date;
title;
description;
author;
co_authors;
invited_article;
}
let from_string (module V : Metadata.VALIDABLE) = function
| None -> Validate.error $ Error.Required_metadata [ "Article" ]
| Some str ->
let open Validate.Monad in
V.from_string str
>>= V.object_and (fun assoc ->
let open Validate.Applicative in
make
<$> V.(required_assoc string) "article.title" assoc
<*> V.(required_assoc string) "article.description" assoc
<*> V.(optional_assoc_or ~default:[] (list_of string))
"tags" assoc
<*> V.required_assoc
(Metadata.Date.from (module V))
"date" assoc
<*> V.(optional_assoc string) "title" assoc
<*> V.(optional_assoc string) "description" assoc
<*> V.(optional_assoc (Author.from (module V))) "author" assoc
<*> V.(
optional_assoc_or ~default:[]
(list_of (Co_author.from (module V)))
"coauthors" assoc))
let inject (type a) (module D : Key_value.DESCRIBABLE with type t = a)
{
article_title;
article_description;
tags;
date;
title;
description;
author;
co_authors;
invited_article;
} =
let co_authors =
List.map (fun c -> D.object_ $ Co_author.inject (module D) c) co_authors
in
let has_co_authors = match co_authors with [] -> false | _ -> true in
D.
[
("root", string "..");
( "metadata",
object_
[
("title", string article_title);
("description", string article_description);
] );
("tags", list (List.map string tags));
("date", object_ $ Metadata.Date.inject (module D) date);
("author", object_ $ Author.inject (module D) author);
("coauthors", list co_authors);
("invited", boolean invited_article);
("has_coauthors", boolean has_co_authors);
]
@ Metadata.Page.inject (module D) (Metadata.Page.make title description)
let compare_by_date a b = Date.compare a.date b.date
end
module Articles = struct
type t = {
articles : (Article.t * string) list;
title : string option;
description : string option;
}
let make ?title ?description articles = { articles; title; description }
let title p = p.title
let description p = p.description
let articles p = p.articles
let set_articles new_articles p = { p with articles = new_articles }
let set_title new_title p = { p with title = new_title }
let set_description new_desc p = { p with description = new_desc }
let sort ?(decreasing = true) articles =
List.sort
(fun (a, _) (b, _) ->
let a_date = Article.date a and b_date = Article.date b in
let r = Date.compare a_date b_date in
if decreasing then ~-r else r)
articles
let sort_articles_by_date ?(decreasing = true) p =
{ p with articles = sort ~decreasing p.articles }
let inject (type a) (module D : Key_value.DESCRIBABLE with type t = a)
{ articles; title; description } =
( "articles",
D.list
(List.map
(fun (article, url) ->
D.object_
(("url", D.string url) :: Article.inject (module D) article))
articles) )
:: ("root", D.string ".")
:: (Metadata.Page.inject (module D) $ Metadata.Page.make title description)
end
let article_object (type a) (module D : Key_value.DESCRIBABLE with type t = a)
(article, url) =
D.object_ (("url", D.string url) :: Article.inject (module D) article)
module Tag = struct
type t = {
tag : string;
tags : (string * int) list;
articles : (Article.t * string) list;
title : string option;
description : string option;
}
let make ?title ?description tag articles tags =
{ tag; tags; articles = Articles.sort articles; title; description }
let inject (type a) (module D : Key_value.DESCRIBABLE with type t = a)
{ tag; tags; articles; title; description } =
("tag", D.string tag)
:: ("root", D.string "..")
:: ("articles", D.list (List.map (article_object (module D)) articles))
:: ( "tags",
D.list
(List.map
(fun (tag, n) ->
D.object_
[
("name", D.string tag);
("link", D.string (tag_path tag));
("number", D.integer n);
])
tags) )
:: (Metadata.Page.inject (module D) $ Metadata.Page.make title description)
end

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open Yocaml
val article_path : Filepath.t -> Filepath.t
val tag_path : string -> Filepath.t
module Article : sig
type t
val date : t -> Date.t
val tags : t -> string list
val to_rss_item : string -> t -> Rss.Item.t
val compare_by_date : t -> t -> int
include Metadata.INJECTABLE with type t := t
include Metadata.READABLE with type t := t
end
module Tag : sig
type t
val make
: ?title:string
-> ?description:string
-> string
-> (Article.t * string) list
-> (string * int) list
-> t
include Metadata.INJECTABLE with type t := t
end
module Articles : sig
type t
val make
: ?title:string
-> ?description:string
-> (Article.t * string) list
-> t
val sort
: ?decreasing:bool
-> (Article.t * string) list
-> (Article.t * string) list
val sort_articles_by_date : ?decreasing:bool -> t -> t
val articles : t -> (Article.t * string) list
val title : t -> string option
val description : t -> string option
val set_title : string option -> t -> t
val set_description : string option -> t -> t
val set_articles : (Article.t * string) list -> t -> t
include Metadata.INJECTABLE with type t := t
end

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open Yocaml
module Metaformat = Yocaml_yaml
module Markup = Yocaml_cmark
module Template = Yocaml_jingoo
let css_target target = "css" |> into target
let javascript_target target = "js" |> into target
let images_target target = "images" |> into target
let template file = add_extension file "html" |> into "templates"
let article_template = template "article"
let layout_template = template "layout"
let list_template = template "list_articles"
let article_target file target = Model.article_path file |> into target
let binary_update = Build.watch Sys.argv.(0)
let index_html target = "index.html" |> into target
let index_md = "index.md" |> into "pages"
let rss_feed target = "feed.xml" |> into target
let tag_file tag target = Model.tag_path tag |> into target
let tag_template = template "tag"
let move_css target =
process_files
[ "css" ]
File.is_css
(Build.copy_file ~into:(css_target target))
;;
let move_javascript target =
process_files
[ "js" ]
File.is_javascript
(Build.copy_file ~into:(javascript_target target))
;;
let move_images target =
process_files
[ "images" ]
File.is_image
(Build.copy_file ~into:(images_target target))
;;
let process_articles target =
process_files [ "articles" ] File.is_markdown (fun article_file ->
let open Build in
create_file
(article_target article_file target)
(binary_update
>>> Metaformat.read_file_with_metadata
(module Model.Article)
article_file
>>> Markup.content_to_html ()
>>> Template.apply_as_template (module Model.Article) article_template
>>> Template.apply_as_template (module Model.Article) layout_template
>>^ Stdlib.snd))
;;
let merge_with_page ((meta, content), articles) =
let title = Metadata.Page.title meta in
let description = Metadata.Page.description meta in
Model.Articles.make ?title ?description articles, content
;;
let generate_feed target =
let open Build in
let* articles_arrow =
Collection.Articles.get_all (module Metaformat) "articles"
in
create_file
(rss_feed target)
(binary_update >>> articles_arrow >>^ Feed.make >>^ Rss.Channel.to_rss)
;;
let generate_tags target =
let* deps, tags = Collection.Tags.compute (module Metaformat) "articles" in
let tags_string = List.map (fun (i, s) -> i, List.length s) tags in
let mk_meta tag articles () = Model.Tag.make tag articles tags_string, "" in
List.fold_left
(fun program (tag, articles) ->
let open Build in
program
>> create_file
(tag_file tag target)
(init deps
>>> binary_update
>>^ mk_meta tag articles
>>> Template.apply_as_template (module Model.Tag) tag_template
>>> Template.apply_as_template (module Model.Tag) layout_template
>>^ Stdlib.snd))
(return ())
tags
;;
let generate_index target =
let open Build in
let* articles_arrow =
Collection.Articles.get_all (module Metaformat) "articles"
in
create_file
(index_html target)
(binary_update
>>> Metaformat.read_file_with_metadata (module Metadata.Page) index_md
>>> Markup.content_to_html ()
>>> articles_arrow
>>^ merge_with_page
>>> Template.apply_as_template (module Model.Articles) list_template
>>> Template.apply_as_template (module Model.Articles) layout_template
>>^ Stdlib.snd)
;;

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val move_css : string -> unit Yocaml.Effect.t
val move_images : string -> unit Yocaml.Effect.t
val move_javascript : string -> unit Yocaml.Effect.t
val process_articles : string -> unit Yocaml.Effect.t
val generate_feed : string -> unit Yocaml.Effect.t
val generate_index : string -> unit Yocaml.Effect.t
val generate_tags : string -> unit Yocaml.Effect.t

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<a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
<article>
<h1>{{ metadata.title }}</h1>
<ul class="tags-list">
{%- for tag in tags -%}
<li><a href="/tags/{{ tag }}.html">{{ tag }}</a></li>
{%- endfor -%}
</ul>
{%- autoescape false -%}
{{ body }}
{% endautoescape -%}
</article>

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{%- if metadata.title -%}
{%- set dash = " - " -%}
{%- set page_title = metadata.title -%}
{%- elseif title -%}
{%- set dash = " - " -%}
{%- set page_title = title -%}
{%- else -%}
{%- set dash = "" -%}
{%- set page_title = "" -%}
{%- endif %}
{% if metadata.description -%}
{%- set page_description = metadata.description -%}
{%- elseif description -%}
{%- set page_description = description -%}
{%- else -%}
{%- set page_description = "blog.robur.coop" -%}
{%- endif -%}
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>
Robur's blog{{ dash }}{{ page_title }}
</title>
<meta name="description" content="{{ page_description }}">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="{{ root }}/css/hl.css">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="{{ root }}/css/style.css">
<script src="{{ root }}/js/hl.js"></script>
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="{{ root }}/feed.xml" title="blog.robur.coop">
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>blog.robur.coop</h1>
<blockquote>
The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
</blockquote>
</header>
<main>
{%- autoescape false -%}
{{ body }}
{% endautoescape -%}
</main>
<footer>
<a href="https://github.com/xhtmlboi/yocaml">Powered by <strong>YOCaml</strong></a>
<br />
</footer>
<script>hljs.highlightAll();</script>
</body>
</html>

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<a class="small-button github" href="https://github.com/dinosaure">github/dinosaure</a>
<a class="small-button twitter" href="https://twitter.com/Dinoosaure">@Dinoosaure</a>
<a class="small-button rss" href="./feed.xml">RSS</a>
{%- autoescape false -%}
{{ body }}
{% endautoescape -%}
<h3>Essays and ramblings</h3>
<ol reversed class="list-articles">
{%- for article in articles -%}
<li>
<div class="side">
<a href="{{ article.author.link }}">
<img src="{{ article.author.avatar }}">
</a>
{%- for co_author in article.co_authors -%}
<a href="{{ coauthor.author.link }}">
<img src="{{ coauthor.author.avatar }}">
</a>
{%- endfor -%}
</div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">{{ article.date.canonical }}</span>
<a href="{{ article.url }}">{{ article.metadata.title }}</a><br />
<p>{{ article.metadata.description }}</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list">
{%- for tag in article.tags -%}
<li><a href="/tags/{{ tag }}.html">{{ tag }}</a></li>
{%- endfor -%}
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</li>
{%- endfor -%}
</ol>

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templates/tag.html Normal file
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<a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
<ul class="tags-list aeration">
{%- for tag in tags -%}
<li><a href="/{{ tag.link }}">{{ tag.name }} ({{ tag.number }})</a></li>
{%- endfor -%}
</ul>
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-{{ tag }}">
{%- set nb_tags = length (articles) -%}
<h3>
<span>{{ tag }}</span>
{{ nb_tags }}
{%- if nb_tags > 1 %} entries{%- else %} entry{%- endif -%}
</h3>
<ul>
{%- for article in articles -%}
<li><a href="/{{ article.url }}">{{ article.metadata.title }}</a></li>
{%- endfor -%}
</ul>
</div>