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<!doctype html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
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<title>
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Robur's blog - Cooperation and Lwt.pause
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</title>
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<meta name="description" content="A disgression about Lwt and Miou">
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<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../css/hl.css">
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<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../css/style.css">
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<script src="../js/hl.js"></script>
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="../feed.xml" title="blog.robur.coop">
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</head>
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<body>
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<header>
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<h1>blog.robur.coop</h1>
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<blockquote>
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The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
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</blockquote>
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</header>
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<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
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<article>
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<h1>Cooperation and Lwt.pause</h1>
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<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags/scheduler.html">scheduler</a></li><li><a href="/tags/community.html">community</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unikernel.html">unikernel</a></li><li><a href="/tags/git.html">git</a></li></ul><p>Here's a concrete example of the notion of availability and the scheduler used
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(in this case Lwt). As you may know, at Robur we have developed a unikernel:
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|
<a href="https://git.robur.coop/robur/opam-mirror">opam-mirror</a>. It launches an HTTP service that can be used as an
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|
OPAM overlay available from a Git repository (with <code>opam repository add <name> <url></code>).</p>
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<p>The purpose of such an unikernel was to respond to a failure of the official
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repository which fortunately did not last long and to offer decentralisation
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of such a service. You can use https://opam.robur.coop!</p>
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<p>It was also useful at the Mirage retreat, where we don't usually have a
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great internet connection. Caching packages for our OCaml users on the local
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network has benefited us in terms of our Internet bill by allowing the OCaml
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|
users to fetch opam packages over the local network instead of over the shared,
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metered 4G Internet conncetion.</p>
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<p>Finally, it's a unikernel that I also use on my server for my software
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|
<a href="https://blog.osau.re/articles/reproducible.html">reproducibility service</a> in order to have an overlay for my
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software like <a href="https://bob.osau.re/">Bob</a>.</p>
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<p>In short, I advise you to use it, you can see its installation
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<a href="https://blog.osau.re/articles/reproducible.html">here</a> (I think that in the context of a company, internally, it
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can be interesting to have such a unikernel available).</p>
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<p>However, this unikernel had a long-standing problem. We were already talking
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about it at the Mirleft retreat, when we tried to get the repository from Git,
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we had a (fairly long) unavailability of our HTTP server. Basically, we had to
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wait ~10 min before the service offered by the unikernel was available.</p>
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<h2>Availability</h2>
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<p>If you follow my <a href="https://blog.osau.re/tags/scheduler.html">articles</a>, as far as Miou is concerned, from
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the outset I talk of the notion of availability if we were to make yet another
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new scheduler for OCaml 5. We emphasised this notion because we had quite a few
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problems on this subject and Lwt.</p>
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<p>In this case, the notion of availability requires the scheduler to be able to
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observe system events as often as possible. The problem is that Lwt doesn't
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really offer this approach.</p>
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<p>Indeed, Lwt offers a way of observing system events (<code>Lwt.pause</code>) but does not
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do so systematically. The only time you really give the scheduler the
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opportunity to see whether you can read or write is when you want to...
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read or write...</p>
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<p>More generally, it is said that Lwt's <strong>bind</strong> does not <em>yield</em>. In other words,
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you can chain any number of functions together (via the <code>>>=</code> operator), but
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from Lwt's point of view, there is no opportunity to see if an event has
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occurred. Lwt always tries to go as far down your chain as possible:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>and finish your promise</li>
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<li>or come across an operation that requires a system event (read or write)</li>
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<li>or come across an <code>Lwt.pause</code> (as a <em>yield</em> point)</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Lwt is rather sparse in adding cooperation points besides <code>Lwt.pause</code> and
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read/write operations, in contrast with Async where the bind operator is a
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cooperation point.</p>
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<h3>If there is no I/O, do not wrap in Lwt</h3>
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<p>It was (bad<sup><a href="#fn1">1</a></sup>) advice I was given. If a function doesn't do
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I/O, there's no point in putting it in Lwt. At first glance, however, the idea
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may be a good one. If you have a function that doesn't do I/O, whether it's in
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the Lwt monad or not won't make any difference to the way Lwt tries to execute
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it. Once again, Lwt should go as far as possible. So Lwt tries to solve both
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functions in the same way:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-ocaml">val merge : int array -> int array -> int array
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let rec sort0 arr =
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if Array.length arr <= 1 then arr
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else
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let m = Array.length arr / 2 in
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let arr0 = sort0 (Array.sub arr 0 m) in
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let arr1 = sort0 (Array.sub arr m (Array.length arr - m)) in
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merge arr0 arr1
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let rec sort1 arr =
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let open Lwt.Infix in
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if Array.length arr <= 1 then Lwt.return arr
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else
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let m = Array.length arr / 2 in
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Lwt.both
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(sort1 (Array.sub arr m (Array.length arr - m)))
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(sort1 (Array.sub arr 0 m))
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>|= fun (arr0, arr1) ->
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merge arr0 arr1
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</code></pre>
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<p>If we trace the execution of the two functions (for example, by displaying our
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<code>arr</code> each time), we see the same behaviour whether Lwt is used or not. However,
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what is interesting in the Lwt code is the use of <code>both</code>, which suggests that
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the processes are running <em>at the same time</em>.</p>
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<p>"At the same time" does not necessarily suggest the use of several cores or "in
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parallel", but the possibility that the right-hand side may also have the
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opportunity to be executed even if the left-hand side has not finished. In other
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words, that the two processes can run <strong>concurrently</strong>.</p>
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<p>But factually, this is not the case, because even if we had the possibility of
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a point of cooperation (with the <code>>|=</code> operator), Lwt tries to go as far as
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possible and decides to finish the left part before launching the right part:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-shell">$ ./a.out
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sort0: [|3; 4; 2; 1; 7; 5; 8; 9; 0; 6|]
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sort0: [|3; 4; 2; 1; 7|]
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sort0: [|3; 4|]
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sort0: [|2; 1; 7|]
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sort0: [|1; 7|]
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sort0: [|5; 8; 9; 0; 6|]
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sort0: [|5; 8|]
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sort0: [|9; 0; 6|]
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sort0: [|0; 6|]
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sort1: [|3; 4; 2; 1; 7; 5; 8; 9; 0; 6|]
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sort1: [|3; 4; 2; 1; 7|]
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sort1: [|3; 4|]
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sort1: [|2; 1; 7|]
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sort1: [|1; 7|]
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sort1: [|5; 8; 9; 0; 6|]
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sort1: [|5; 8|]
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sort1: [|9; 0; 6|]
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sort1: [|0; 6|]
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</code></pre>
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<hr>
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<p><strong><tag id="fn1">1</tag></strong>: However, if you are not interested in availability
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and would like the scheduler to try to resolve your promises as quickly as
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possible, this advice is clearly valid.</p>
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<h4>Performances</h4>
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<p>It should be noted, however, that Lwt has an impact. Even if the behaviour is
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the same, the Lwt layer is not free. A quick benchmark shows that there is an
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overhead:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-ocaml">let _ =
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let t0 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
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for i = 0 to 1000 do let _ = sort0 arr in () done;
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let t1 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
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Fmt.pr "sort0 %fs\n%!" (t1 -. t0)
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let _ =
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let t0 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
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Lwt_main.run @@ begin
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let open Lwt.Infix in
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let rec go idx = if idx = 1000 then Lwt.return_unit
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else sort1 arr >>= fun _ -> go (succ idx) in
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go 0 end;
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let t1 = Unix.gettimeofday () in
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Fmt.pr "sort1 %fs\n%!" (t1 -. t0)
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</code></pre>
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<pre><code class="language-sh">$ ./a.out
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sort0 0.000264s
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sort1 0.000676s
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</code></pre>
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<p>This is the fairly obvious argument for not using Lwt when there's no I/O. Then,
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if the Lwt monad is really needed, a simple <code>Lwt.return</code> at the very last
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instance is sufficient (or, better, the use of <code>Lwt.map</code> / <code>>|=</code>).</p>
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<h4>Cooperation and concrete example</h4>
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<p>So <code>Lwt.both</code> is the one to use when we want to run two processes
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"at the same time". For the example, <a href="https://github.com/mirage/ocaml-git">ocaml-git</a> attempts <em>both</em> to
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retrieve a repository and also to analyse it. This can be seen in this snippet
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of <a href="https://github.com/mirage/ocaml-git/blob/a36c90404b149ab85f429439af8785bb1dde1bee/src/not-so-smart/smart_git.ml#L476-L481">code</a>.</p>
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<p>In our example with ocaml-git, the problem "shouldn't" appear because, in this
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case, both the left and right side do I/O (the left side binds into a socket
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while the right side saves Git objects in your file system). So, in our tests
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with <code>Git_unix</code>, we were able to see that the analysis (right-hand side) was
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well executed and 'interleaved' with the reception of objects from the network.</p>
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<h3>Composability</h3>
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<p>However, if we go back to our initial problem, we were talking about our
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opam-mirror unikernel. As you might expect, there is no standalone MirageOS file
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system (and many of our unikernels don't need one). So, in the case of
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opam-mirror, we use the ocaml-git memory implementation: <code>Git_mem</code>.</p>
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<p><code>Git_mem</code> is different in that Git objects are simply stored in a <code>Hashtbl</code>.
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There is no cooperation point when it comes to obtaining Git objects from this
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<code>Hashtbl</code>. So let's return to our original advice:</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>don't wrap code in Lwt if it doesn't do I/O.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p>And, of course, <code>Git_mem</code> doesn't do I/O. It does, however, require the process
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to be able to work with Lwt. In this case, <code>Git_mem</code> wraps the results in Lwt
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<strong>as late as possible</strong> (as explained above, so as not to slow down our
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processes unnecessarily). The choice inevitably means that the right-hand side
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can no longer offer cooperation points. And this is where our problem begins:
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composition.</p>
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<p>In fact, we had something like:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-ocaml">let clone socket git =
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Lwt.both (receive_pack socket) (analyse_pack git) >>= fun ((), ()) ->
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Lwt.return_unit
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</code></pre>
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<p>However, our <code>analyse_pack</code> function is an injection of a functor representing
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the Git backend. In other words, <code>Git_unix</code> or <code>Git_mem</code>:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-ocaml">module Make (Git : Git.S) = struct
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let clone socket git =
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Lwt.both (receive_pack socket) (Git.analyse_pack git) >>= fun ((), ()) ->
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Lwt.return_unit
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end
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</code></pre>
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<p>Composability poses a problem here because even if <code>Git_unix</code> and <code>Git_mem</code>
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offer the same function (so both modules can be used), the fact remains that one
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will always offer a certain availability to other services (such as an HTTP
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service) while the other will offer a Lwt function which will try to go as far
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as possible quite to make other services unavailable.</p>
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<p>Composing with one or the other therefore does not produce the same behavior.</p>
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<h4>Where to put <code>Lwt.pause</code>?</h4>
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<p>In this case, our <code>analyse_pack</code> does read/write on the Git store. As far as
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<code>Git_mem</code> is concerned, we said that these read/write accesses were just
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accesses to a <code>Hashtbl</code>.</p>
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<p>Thanks to <a href="https://hannes.robur.coop/">Hannes</a>' help, it took us an afternoon to work out where we
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needed to add cooperation points in <code>Git_mem</code> so that <code>analyse_pack</code> could give
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another service such as HTTP the opportunity to work. Basically, this series of
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<a href="https://github.com/mirage/ocaml-git/pull/631/files">commits</a> shows where we needed to add <code>Lwt.pause</code>.</p>
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<p>However, this points to a number of problems:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>it is not necessarily true that on the basis of composability alone (by
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<em>functor</em> or by value), Lwt reacts in the same way</li>
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<li>Subtly, you have to dig into the code to find the right opportunities where
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to put, by hand, <code>Lwt.pause</code>.</li>
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<li>In the end, Lwt has no mechanisms for ensuring the availability of a service
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(this is something that must be taken into account by the implementer).</li>
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</ol>
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<h3>In-depth knowledge of Lwt</h3>
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<p>I haven't mentioned another problem we encountered with <a href="https://cambium.inria.fr/~agueneau/">Armael</a> when
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implementing <a href="https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/ann-release-of-multipart-form-0-2-0/7704#memory-bound-implementation">multipart_form</a> where the use of stream meant that
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Lwt didn't interleave the two processes and the use of a <em>bounded stream</em> was
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|
required. Again, even when it comes to I/O, Lwt always tries to go as far as
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possible in one of two branches of a <code>Lwt.both</code>.</p>
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<p>This allows us to conclude that beyond the monad, Lwt has subtleties in its
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behaviour which may be different from another scheduler such as Async (hence the
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incompatibility between the two, which is not just of the <code>'a t</code> type).</p>
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<h3>Digression on Miou</h3>
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<p>That's why we put so much emphasis on the notion of availability when it comes
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to Miou: to avoid repeating the mistakes of the past. The choices that can be
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made with regard to this notion in particular have a major impact, and can be
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|
unsatisfactory to the user in certain cases (for example, so-called pure
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|
calculations could take longer with Miou than with another scheduler).</p>
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<p>In this sense, we have tried to constrain ourselves in the development of Miou
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through the use of <code>Effect.Shallow</code> which requires us to always re-attach our
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handler (our scheduler) as soon as an effect is produced, unlike <code>Effect.Deep</code>
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which can re-use the same handler for several effects. In other words, and as
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we've described here, <strong>an effect yields</strong>!</p>
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<h2>Conclusion</h2>
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<p>As far as opam-mirror is concerned, we now have an unikernel that is available
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even if it attempts to clone a Git repository and save Git objects in memory. At
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|
least, an HTTP service can co-exist with ocaml-git!</p>
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|
<p>I hope we'll be able to use it at <a href="https://retreat.mirage.io/">the next retreat</a>, which I invite
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|
you to attend to talk more about Lwt, scheduler, Git and unikernels!</p>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</article>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</main>
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||||||
|
<footer>
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|
<a href="https://github.com/xhtmlboi/yocaml">Powered by <strong>YOCaml</strong></a>
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|
<br />
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||||||
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</footer>
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<script>hljs.highlightAll();</script>
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</body>
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</html>
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2
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@ -1 +1 @@
|
||||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Robur's blog</title><link>https://blog.robur.coop</link><atom:link href="https://blog.robur.coop/feed.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" /><description>The Robur cooperative blog</description><generator>yocaml</generator><webMaster>team@robur.coop</webMaster><item><title>Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</title><link>https://blog.robur.coop/articles/speeding-ec-string.html</link><pubDate>Tue, 13 Feb 2024 10:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description>How we improved the performance of elliptic curves by only modifying the underlying byte array</description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.robur.coop/articles/speeding-ec-string.html</guid></item><item><title>Python's `str.__repr__()`</title><link>https://blog.robur.coop/articles/2024-02-03-python-str-repr.html</link><pubDate>Sat, 03 Feb 2024 10:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description>Reimplementing Python string escaping in OCaml</description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.robur.coop/articles/2024-02-03-python-str-repr.html</guid></item><item><title>MirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)</title><link>https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn-ncp.html</link><pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2023 10:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description>How we resurrected MirageVPN from its bitrot state</description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn-ncp.html</guid></item><item><title>MirageVPN & tls-crypt-v2</title><link>https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn.html</link><pubDate>Tue, 14 Nov 2023 10:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description>How we implementated tls-crypt-v2 for miragevpn</description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn.html</guid></item></channel></rss>
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>Robur's blog</title><link>https://blog.robur.coop</link><atom:link href="https://blog.robur.coop/feed.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" /><description>The Robur cooperative blog</description><generator>yocaml</generator><webMaster>team@robur.coop</webMaster><item><title>Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</title><link>https://blog.robur.coop/articles/speeding-ec-string.html</link><pubDate>Tue, 13 Feb 2024 10:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description>How we improved the performance of elliptic curves by only modifying the underlying byte array</description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.robur.coop/articles/speeding-ec-string.html</guid></item><item><title>Cooperation and Lwt.pause</title><link>https://blog.robur.coop/articles/lwt_pause.html</link><pubDate>Sun, 11 Feb 2024 10:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description>A disgression about Lwt and Miou</description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.robur.coop/articles/lwt_pause.html</guid></item><item><title>Python's `str.__repr__()`</title><link>https://blog.robur.coop/articles/2024-02-03-python-str-repr.html</link><pubDate>Sat, 03 Feb 2024 10:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description>Reimplementing Python string escaping in OCaml</description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.robur.coop/articles/2024-02-03-python-str-repr.html</guid></item><item><title>MirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)</title><link>https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn-ncp.html</link><pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2023 10:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description>How we resurrected MirageVPN from its bitrot state</description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn-ncp.html</guid></item><item><title>MirageVPN & tls-crypt-v2</title><link>https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn.html</link><pubDate>Tue, 14 Nov 2023 10:00:00 GMT</pubDate><description>How we implementated tls-crypt-v2 for miragevpn</description><guid isPermaLink="false">https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn.html</guid></item></channel></rss>
|
||||||
13
index.html
13
index.html
|
|
@ -38,6 +38,19 @@
|
||||||
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security</a></li></ul>
|
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</li><li>
|
||||||
|
<div class="side">
|
||||||
|
<a href="https://blog.robur.coop/">
|
||||||
|
<img src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/12de8f3dc8e39098964964c759c981f1">
|
||||||
|
</a></div>
|
||||||
|
<div class="content">
|
||||||
|
<span class="date">2024-02-11</span>
|
||||||
|
<a href="articles/lwt_pause.html">Cooperation and Lwt.pause</a><br />
|
||||||
|
<p>A disgression about Lwt and Miou</p>
|
||||||
|
<div class="bottom">
|
||||||
|
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags/scheduler.html">scheduler</a></li><li><a href="/tags/community.html">community</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unikernel.html">unikernel</a></li><li><a href="/tags/git.html">git</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
</li><li>
|
</li><li>
|
||||||
<div class="side">
|
<div class="side">
|
||||||
<a href="https://reyn.ir/">
|
<a href="https://reyn.ir/">
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
41
tags/community.html
Normal file
41
tags/community.html
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<!doctype html>
|
||||||
|
<html lang="en">
|
||||||
|
<head>
|
||||||
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||||||
|
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
|
||||||
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
||||||
|
<title>
|
||||||
|
Robur's blog
|
||||||
|
</title>
|
||||||
|
<meta name="description" content="blog.robur.coop">
|
||||||
|
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../css/hl.css">
|
||||||
|
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../css/style.css">
|
||||||
|
<script src="../js/hl.js"></script>
|
||||||
|
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="../feed.xml" title="blog.robur.coop">
|
||||||
|
</head>
|
||||||
|
<body>
|
||||||
|
<header>
|
||||||
|
<h1>blog.robur.coop</h1>
|
||||||
|
<blockquote>
|
||||||
|
The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
|
||||||
|
</blockquote>
|
||||||
|
</header>
|
||||||
|
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (5)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/community.html">community (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/git.html">git (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/scheduler.html">scheduler (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unikernel.html">unikernel (1)</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-community"><h3>
|
||||||
|
<span>community</span>
|
||||||
|
1 entry</h3>
|
||||||
|
<ul><li><a href="/articles/lwt_pause.html">Cooperation and Lwt.pause</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</main>
|
||||||
|
<footer>
|
||||||
|
<a href="https://github.com/xhtmlboi/yocaml">Powered by <strong>YOCaml</strong></a>
|
||||||
|
<br />
|
||||||
|
</footer>
|
||||||
|
<script>hljs.highlightAll();</script>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
</html>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
|
||||||
</header>
|
</header>
|
||||||
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (4)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li></ul>
|
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (5)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/community.html">community (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/git.html">git (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/scheduler.html">scheduler (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unikernel.html">unikernel (1)</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-cryptography"><h3>
|
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-cryptography"><h3>
|
||||||
<span>cryptography</span>
|
<span>cryptography</span>
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
41
tags/git.html
Normal file
41
tags/git.html
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<!doctype html>
|
||||||
|
<html lang="en">
|
||||||
|
<head>
|
||||||
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||||||
|
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
|
||||||
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
||||||
|
<title>
|
||||||
|
Robur's blog
|
||||||
|
</title>
|
||||||
|
<meta name="description" content="blog.robur.coop">
|
||||||
|
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../css/hl.css">
|
||||||
|
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../css/style.css">
|
||||||
|
<script src="../js/hl.js"></script>
|
||||||
|
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="../feed.xml" title="blog.robur.coop">
|
||||||
|
</head>
|
||||||
|
<body>
|
||||||
|
<header>
|
||||||
|
<h1>blog.robur.coop</h1>
|
||||||
|
<blockquote>
|
||||||
|
The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
|
||||||
|
</blockquote>
|
||||||
|
</header>
|
||||||
|
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (5)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/community.html">community (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/git.html">git (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/scheduler.html">scheduler (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unikernel.html">unikernel (1)</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-git"><h3>
|
||||||
|
<span>git</span>
|
||||||
|
1 entry</h3>
|
||||||
|
<ul><li><a href="/articles/lwt_pause.html">Cooperation and Lwt.pause</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</main>
|
||||||
|
<footer>
|
||||||
|
<a href="https://github.com/xhtmlboi/yocaml">Powered by <strong>YOCaml</strong></a>
|
||||||
|
<br />
|
||||||
|
</footer>
|
||||||
|
<script>hljs.highlightAll();</script>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
</html>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
|
||||||
</header>
|
</header>
|
||||||
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (4)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li></ul>
|
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (5)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/community.html">community (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/git.html">git (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/scheduler.html">scheduler (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unikernel.html">unikernel (1)</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-mirageos"><h3>
|
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-mirageos"><h3>
|
||||||
<span>mirageos</span>
|
<span>mirageos</span>
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -23,12 +23,12 @@
|
||||||
</header>
|
</header>
|
||||||
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (4)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li></ul>
|
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (5)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/community.html">community (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/git.html">git (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/scheduler.html">scheduler (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unikernel.html">unikernel (1)</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-ocaml"><h3>
|
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-ocaml"><h3>
|
||||||
<span>ocaml</span>
|
<span>ocaml</span>
|
||||||
4 entries</h3>
|
5 entries</h3>
|
||||||
<ul><li><a href="/articles/speeding-ec-string.html">Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/articles/2024-02-03-python-str-repr.html">Python's `str.__repr__()`</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-ncp.html">MirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn.html">MirageVPN & tls-crypt-v2</a></li></ul>
|
<ul><li><a href="/articles/speeding-ec-string.html">Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/articles/lwt_pause.html">Cooperation and Lwt.pause</a></li><li><a href="/articles/2024-02-03-python-str-repr.html">Python's `str.__repr__()`</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-ncp.html">MirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn.html">MirageVPN & tls-crypt-v2</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
</div>
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
</main>
|
</main>
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
|
||||||
</header>
|
</header>
|
||||||
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (4)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li></ul>
|
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (5)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/community.html">community (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/git.html">git (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/scheduler.html">scheduler (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unikernel.html">unikernel (1)</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-python"><h3>
|
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-python"><h3>
|
||||||
<span>python</span>
|
<span>python</span>
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
41
tags/scheduler.html
Normal file
41
tags/scheduler.html
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<!doctype html>
|
||||||
|
<html lang="en">
|
||||||
|
<head>
|
||||||
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||||||
|
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
|
||||||
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
||||||
|
<title>
|
||||||
|
Robur's blog
|
||||||
|
</title>
|
||||||
|
<meta name="description" content="blog.robur.coop">
|
||||||
|
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../css/hl.css">
|
||||||
|
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../css/style.css">
|
||||||
|
<script src="../js/hl.js"></script>
|
||||||
|
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="../feed.xml" title="blog.robur.coop">
|
||||||
|
</head>
|
||||||
|
<body>
|
||||||
|
<header>
|
||||||
|
<h1>blog.robur.coop</h1>
|
||||||
|
<blockquote>
|
||||||
|
The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
|
||||||
|
</blockquote>
|
||||||
|
</header>
|
||||||
|
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (5)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/community.html">community (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/git.html">git (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/scheduler.html">scheduler (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unikernel.html">unikernel (1)</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-scheduler"><h3>
|
||||||
|
<span>scheduler</span>
|
||||||
|
1 entry</h3>
|
||||||
|
<ul><li><a href="/articles/lwt_pause.html">Cooperation and Lwt.pause</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</main>
|
||||||
|
<footer>
|
||||||
|
<a href="https://github.com/xhtmlboi/yocaml">Powered by <strong>YOCaml</strong></a>
|
||||||
|
<br />
|
||||||
|
</footer>
|
||||||
|
<script>hljs.highlightAll();</script>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
</html>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
|
||||||
</header>
|
</header>
|
||||||
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (4)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li></ul>
|
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (5)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/community.html">community (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/git.html">git (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/scheduler.html">scheduler (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unikernel.html">unikernel (1)</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-security"><h3>
|
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-security"><h3>
|
||||||
<span>security</span>
|
<span>security</span>
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
|
||||||
</header>
|
</header>
|
||||||
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (4)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li></ul>
|
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (5)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/community.html">community (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/git.html">git (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/scheduler.html">scheduler (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unikernel.html">unikernel (1)</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-unicode"><h3>
|
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-unicode"><h3>
|
||||||
<span>unicode</span>
|
<span>unicode</span>
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
41
tags/unikernel.html
Normal file
41
tags/unikernel.html
Normal file
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<!doctype html>
|
||||||
|
<html lang="en">
|
||||||
|
<head>
|
||||||
|
<meta charset="utf-8">
|
||||||
|
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
|
||||||
|
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
|
||||||
|
<title>
|
||||||
|
Robur's blog
|
||||||
|
</title>
|
||||||
|
<meta name="description" content="blog.robur.coop">
|
||||||
|
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../css/hl.css">
|
||||||
|
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../css/style.css">
|
||||||
|
<script src="../js/hl.js"></script>
|
||||||
|
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="../feed.xml" title="blog.robur.coop">
|
||||||
|
</head>
|
||||||
|
<body>
|
||||||
|
<header>
|
||||||
|
<h1>blog.robur.coop</h1>
|
||||||
|
<blockquote>
|
||||||
|
The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
|
||||||
|
</blockquote>
|
||||||
|
</header>
|
||||||
|
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (5)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/community.html">community (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/git.html">git (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/scheduler.html">scheduler (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unikernel.html">unikernel (1)</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-unikernel"><h3>
|
||||||
|
<span>unikernel</span>
|
||||||
|
1 entry</h3>
|
||||||
|
<ul><li><a href="/articles/lwt_pause.html">Cooperation and Lwt.pause</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
</div>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
</main>
|
||||||
|
<footer>
|
||||||
|
<a href="https://github.com/xhtmlboi/yocaml">Powered by <strong>YOCaml</strong></a>
|
||||||
|
<br />
|
||||||
|
</footer>
|
||||||
|
<script>hljs.highlightAll();</script>
|
||||||
|
</body>
|
||||||
|
</html>
|
||||||
|
|
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
|
||||||
</header>
|
</header>
|
||||||
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (4)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li></ul>
|
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml (5)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security (3)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn (2)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/community.html">community (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/git.html">git (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/python.html">python (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/scheduler.html">scheduler (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unicode.html">unicode (1)</a></li><li><a href="/tags/unikernel.html">unikernel (1)</a></li></ul>
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-vpn"><h3>
|
<div class="tag-box" id="tag-vpn"><h3>
|
||||||
<span>vpn</span>
|
<span>vpn</span>
|
||||||
|
|
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in a new issue