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articles/2024-02-03-python-str-repr.html
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Robur's blogPython&apos;s `str.__repr__()`
Robur's blog - Python&apos;s `str.__repr__()`
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<meta name="description" content="Reimplementing Python string escaping in OCaml">
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The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
</blockquote>
</header>
<main><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/index.html">Back to index</a>
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<article>
<h1>Python&apos;s `str.__repr__()`</h1>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-Python">Python</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-unicode">unicode</a></li></ul><p>Sometimes software is written using whatever built-ins you find in your programming language of choice.
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-Python">Python</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-unicode">unicode</a></li></ul><p>Sometimes software is written using whatever built-ins you find in your programming language of choice.
This is usually great!
However, it can happen that you depend on the precise semantics of those built-ins.
This can be a problem if those semantics become important to your software and you need to port it to another programming language.

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articles/2024-08-21-OpenVPN-and-MirageVPN.html
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Robur's blogMirageVPN and OpenVPN
Robur's blog - MirageVPN and OpenVPN
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<meta name="description" content="Discoveries made implementing MirageVPN, a OpenVPN-compatible VPN library">
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The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
</blockquote>
</header>
<main><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/index.html">Back to index</a>
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
<article>
<h1>MirageVPN and OpenVPN</h1>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageVPN">MirageVPN</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OpenVPN">OpenVPN</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul><p>At <a href="https://robur.coop/">Robur</a> we have been busy at work implementing our OpenVPN™-compatible MirageVPN software.
Recently we have implemented the <a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn-server.html">server side</a>.
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageVPN">MirageVPN</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OpenVPN">OpenVPN</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul><p>At <a href="https://robur.coop/">Robur</a> we have been busy at work implementing our OpenVPN™-compatible MirageVPN software.
Recently we have implemented the <a href="miragevpn-server.html">server side</a>.
In order to implement this side of the protocol I studied parts of the OpenVPN™ source code and performed experiments to understand what the implementation does at the protocol level.
Studying the OpenVPN™ implementation has lead me to discover two security issues: CVE-2024-28882 and CVE-2024-5594.
In this article I will talk about the relevant parts of the protocol, and describe the security issues in detail.</p>

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Robur's blogRuntime arguments in MirageOS
Robur's blog - Runtime arguments in MirageOS
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<meta name="description" content="The history of runtime arguments to a MirageOS unikernel">
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<header>
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The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
</blockquote>
</header>
<main><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/index.html">Back to index</a>
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
<article>
<h1>Runtime arguments in MirageOS</h1>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li></ul><p>TL;DR: Passing runtime arguments around is tricky, and prone to change every other month.</p>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li></ul><p>TL;DR: Passing runtime arguments around is tricky, and prone to change every other month.</p>
<h2 id="motivation"><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#motivation"></a>Motivation</h2>
<p>Sometimes, as an unikernel developer and also as operator, it's nice to have
some runtime arguments passed to an unikernel. Now, if you're into OCaml,

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articles/dnsvizor01.html
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Robur's blogMeet DNSvizor: run your own DHCP and DNS MirageOS unikernel
Robur's blog - Meet DNSvizor: run your own DHCP and DNS MirageOS unikernel
</title>
<meta name="description" content="The NGI-funded DNSvizor provides core network services on your network; DNS resolution and DHCP.">
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The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
</blockquote>
</header>
<main><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/index.html">Back to index</a>
<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
<article>
<h1>Meet DNSvizor: run your own DHCP and DNS MirageOS unikernel</h1>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-DNSvizor">DNSvizor</a></li></ul><p>TL;DR: We got <a href="https://nlnet.nl/entrust/">NGI0 Entrust (via NLnet)</a> funding for developing
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-DNSvizor">DNSvizor</a></li></ul><p>TL;DR: We got <a href="https://nlnet.nl/entrust/">NGI0 Entrust (via NLnet)</a> funding for developing
<a href="https://nlnet.nl/project/DNSvizor/">DNSvizor</a> - a DNS resolver and
DHCP server. Please help us by <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/dnsvizor/issues/new">sharing with us your dnsmasq
configuration</a>, so we can

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articles/finances.html
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Robur's blogHow has robur financially been doing since 2018?
Robur's blog - How has robur financially been doing since 2018?
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<meta name="description" content="How we organise as a collective, and why we&apos;re doing that.">
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<header>
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The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
</blockquote>
</header>
<main><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/index.html">Back to index</a>
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<article>
<h1>How has robur financially been doing since 2018?</h1>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-finances">finances</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-cooperative">cooperative</a></li></ul><p>Since the beginning, robur has been working on MirageOS unikernels and getting
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-finances">finances</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-cooperative">cooperative</a></li></ul><p>Since the beginning, robur has been working on MirageOS unikernels and getting
them deployed. Due to our experience in hierarchical companies, we wanted to
create something different - a workplace without bosses and management. Instead,
we are a collective where everybody has a say on what we do, and who gets how

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Robur's blogGPTar
Robur's blog - GPTar
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<meta name="description" content="Hybrid GUID partition table and tar archive">
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The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
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<h1>GPTar</h1>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-gpt">gpt</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-tar">tar</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-mbr">mbr</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-persistent storage">persistent storage</a></li></ul><p>At <a href="https://robur.coop/">Robur</a> we developed a piece of software for mirroring or exposing an <a href="https://opam.ocaml.org/">opam</a> repository.
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-gpt">gpt</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-tar">tar</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-mbr">mbr</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-persistent storage">persistent storage</a></li></ul><p>At <a href="https://robur.coop/">Robur</a> we developed a piece of software for mirroring or exposing an <a href="https://opam.ocaml.org/">opam</a> repository.
We have it deployed at <a href="https://opam.robur.coop/">opam.robur.coop</a>, and you can use it as an alternative to opam.ocaml.org.
It is usually more up-to-date with the git <a href="https://github.com/ocaml/opam-repository">opam-repository</a> than opam.ocaml.org although in the past it suffered from <a href="https://blog.osau.re/articles/lwt_pause.html">occasional availability issues</a>.
I can recommend reading Hannes' post about <a href="https://hannes.robur.coop/Posts/OpamMirror">opam-mirror</a>.

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Robur's blogCooperation and Lwt.pause
Robur's blog - Cooperation and Lwt.pause
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<meta name="description" content="A disgression about Lwt and Miou">
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@ -20,11 +20,11 @@
The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
</blockquote>
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<main><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/index.html">Back to index</a>
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<h1>Cooperation and Lwt.pause</h1>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-Scheduler">Scheduler</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-Community">Community</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-Git">Git</a></li></ul><p>Here's a concrete example of the notion of availability and the scheduler used
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-Scheduler">Scheduler</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-Community">Community</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-Git">Git</a></li></ul><p>Here's a concrete example of the notion of availability and the scheduler used
(in this case Lwt). As you may know, at Robur we have developed a unikernel:
<a href="https://git.robur.coop/robur/opam-mirror">opam-mirror</a>. It launches an HTTP service that can be used as an
OPAM overlay available from a Git repository (with <code>opam repository add &lt;name&gt; &lt;url&gt;</code>).</p>

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Robur's blogMirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)
Robur's blog - MirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)
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<meta name="description" content="How we resurrected MirageVPN from its bitrot state">
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The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
</blockquote>
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<article>
<h1>MirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)</h1>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul><h2 id="updating-miragevpn"><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#updating-miragevpn"></a>Updating MirageVPN</h2>
<p>As announced <a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn.html">earlier this month</a>, we've been working hard over the last months on MirageVPN (initially developed in 2019, targeting OpenVPN™ 2.4.7, now 2.6.6). We managed to receive funding from <a href="https://www.assure.ngi.eu/">NGI Assure</a> call (via <a href="https://nlnet.nl">NLnet</a>). We've made over 250 commits with more than 10k lines added, and 18k lines removed. We closed nearly all old issues, and opened 100 fresh ones, of which we already closed more than half of them. :D</p>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul><h2 id="updating-miragevpn"><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#updating-miragevpn"></a>Updating MirageVPN</h2>
<p>As announced <a href="miragevpn.html">earlier this month</a>, we've been working hard over the last months on MirageVPN (initially developed in 2019, targeting OpenVPN™ 2.4.7, now 2.6.6). We managed to receive funding from <a href="https://www.assure.ngi.eu/">NGI Assure</a> call (via <a href="https://nlnet.nl">NLnet</a>). We've made over 250 commits with more than 10k lines added, and 18k lines removed. We closed nearly all old issues, and opened 100 fresh ones, of which we already closed more than half of them. :D</p>
<h3 id="actual-bugs-fixed-that-were-leading-to-non-working-miragevpn-applications"><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#actual-bugs-fixed-that-were-leading-to-non-working-miragevpn-applications"></a>Actual bugs fixed (that were leading to non-working MirageVPN applications)</h3>
<p>In more detail, we had a specific configuration running over all the years, namely UDP mode with static keys (no TLS handshake, etc.). There were several issues (bitrot) that we encountered and solved along the path, amongst others:</p>
<ul>
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</ul>
<p>To avoid any future breakage while revising the code (cleaning it up, extending it), we are now building several unikernels as part of our CI system. We also have setup OpenVPN™ servers with various configurations that we periodically test with our new code (we'll also work on further automation thereof).</p>
<h3 id="new-features-aead-ciphers-supporting-more-configuration-primitives"><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#new-features-aead-ciphers-supporting-more-configuration-primitives"></a>New features: AEAD ciphers, supporting more configuration primitives</h3>
<p>We added various configuration primitives, amongst them configuratble tls ciphersuites, minimal and maximal tls version to use, <a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn.html">tls-crypt-v2</a>, verify-x509-name, cipher, remote-random, ...</p>
<p>We added various configuration primitives, amongst them configuratble tls ciphersuites, minimal and maximal tls version to use, <a href="miragevpn.html">tls-crypt-v2</a>, verify-x509-name, cipher, remote-random, ...</p>
<p>From a cryptographic point of view, we are now supporting more <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn/pull/108">authentication hashes</a> via the configuration directive <code>auth</code>, namely the SHA2 family - previously, only SHA1 was supported, <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn/pull/125">AEAD ciphers</a> (AES-128-GCM, AES-256-GCM, CHACHA20-POLY1305) - previously only AES-256-CBC was supported.</p>
<h3 id="ncp---negotiation-of-cryptographic-parameters"><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#ncp---negotiation-of-cryptographic-parameters"></a>NCP - Negotiation of cryptographic parameters</h3>
<p>OpenVPN™ has a way to negotiate cryptographic parameters, instead of hardcoding them in the configuration. The client can propose its supported ciphers, and other features (MTU, directly request a push message for IP configuration, use TLS exporter secret instead of the hand-crafted (TLS 1.0 based PRF), ...) once the TLS handshake has been completed.</p>

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Robur's blogSpeeding up MirageVPN and use it in the wild
Robur's blog - Speeding up MirageVPN and use it in the wild
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<meta name="description" content="Performance engineering of MirageVPN, speeding it up by a factor of 25.">
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The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
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<h1>Speeding up MirageVPN and use it in the wild</h1>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-performance">performance</a></li></ul><p>As we were busy continuing to work on <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn">MirageVPN</a>, we got in touch with <a href="https://eduvpn.org">eduVPN</a>, who are interested about deploying MirageVPN. We got example configuration from their side, and <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn/pull/201">fixed</a> <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn/pull/168">some</a> <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn/pull/202">issues</a>, and also implemented <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn/pull/169">tls-crypt</a> - which was straightforward since we earlier spend time to implement <a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn.html">tls-crypt-v2</a>.</p>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-performance">performance</a></li></ul><p>As we were busy continuing to work on <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn">MirageVPN</a>, we got in touch with <a href="https://eduvpn.org">eduVPN</a>, who are interested about deploying MirageVPN. We got example configuration from their side, and <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn/pull/201">fixed</a> <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn/pull/168">some</a> <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn/pull/202">issues</a>, and also implemented <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn/pull/169">tls-crypt</a> - which was straightforward since we earlier spend time to implement <a href="miragevpn.html">tls-crypt-v2</a>.</p>
<p>In January, they gave MirageVPN another try, and <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn/issues/206">measured the performance</a> -- which was very poor -- MirageVPN (run as a Unix binary) provided a bandwith of 9.3Mb/s, while OpenVPN provided a bandwidth of 360Mb/s (using a VPN tunnel over TCP).</p>
<p>We aim at spending less resources for computing, thus the result was not satisfying for us. We re-read a lot of code, refactored a lot, and are now at ~250Mb/s.</p>
<h2 id="tooling-for-performance-engineering-of-ocaml"><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#tooling-for-performance-engineering-of-ocaml"></a>Tooling for performance engineering of OCaml</h2>
@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ To better guide the performance engineering, we also developed <a href="https://
<li>Still an open topic is: we are in the memory-safe language OCaml, and we sometimes extract data out of a buffer (or set data in a buffer). Now, each operation lead to bounds checks (that we do not touch memory that is not allocated or not ours). However, if we just checked for the buffer being long enough (either by checking the length, or by allocating a specific amount of data), these bounds checks are superfluous. So far, we don't have an automated solution for this issue, but we are <a href="https://discuss.ocaml.org/t/bounds-checks-for-string-and-bytes-when-retrieving-or-setting-subparts-thereof/">discussing it in the OCaml community</a>, and are eager to find a solution to avoid unneeded computations.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="conclusion"><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#conclusion"></a>Conclusion</h2>
<p>To conclude: we already achieved a factor of 25 in performance by adapting the code in various ways. We have ideas to improve the performance even more in the future - we also work on using OCaml string and bytes, instead of off-the-OCaml-heap-allocated bigarrays (see <a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/speeding-ec-string.html">our previous article</a>, which provided some speedups).</p>
<p>To conclude: we already achieved a factor of 25 in performance by adapting the code in various ways. We have ideas to improve the performance even more in the future - we also work on using OCaml string and bytes, instead of off-the-OCaml-heap-allocated bigarrays (see <a href="speeding-ec-string.html">our previous article</a>, which provided some speedups).</p>
<p>Don't hesitate to reach out to us on <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn/issues">GitHub</a>, or <a href="https://robur.coop/Contact">by mail</a> if you're stuck.</p>
<p>We want to thank <a href="https://nlnet.nl">NLnet</a> for their funding (via <a href="https://www.assure.ngi.eu/">NGI assure</a>), and <a href="https://eduvpn.org">eduVPN</a> for their interest.</p>
<section role="doc-endnotes"><ol>

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Robur's blogMirageVPN server
Robur's blog - MirageVPN server
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<meta name="description" content="Announcement of our MirageVPN server.">
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The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
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<h1>MirageVPN server</h1>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li></ul><p>It is a great pleasure to finally announce that we have finished a server implementation for MirageVPN (OpenVPN™-compatible). This allows to setup a very robust VPN network on both the client and the server side.</p>
<p>As announced last year, <a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn.html">MirageVPN</a> is a reimplemtation of OpenVPN™ in OCaml, with <a href="https://mirage.io">MirageOS</a> unikernels.</p>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li></ul><p>It is a great pleasure to finally announce that we have finished a server implementation for MirageVPN (OpenVPN™-compatible). This allows to setup a very robust VPN network on both the client and the server side.</p>
<p>As announced last year, <a href="miragevpn.html">MirageVPN</a> is a reimplemtation of OpenVPN™ in OCaml, with <a href="https://mirage.io">MirageOS</a> unikernels.</p>
<h2 id="why-a-miragevpn-server"><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#why-a-miragevpn-server"></a>Why a MirageVPN server?</h2>
<p>Providing Internet services with programming languages that have not much safety requires a lot of discipline by the developers to avoid issues which may lead to exploitable services that are attacked (and thus will circumvent any security goals). Especially services that are critical for security and privacy, it is crucial to avoid common memory safety pitfalls.</p>
<p>Some years back, when we worked on the client implementation, we also drafted a server implementation. The reasoning was that a lot of the code was already there, and just a few things needed to be developed to allow clients to connect there.</p>

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Robur's blog - Testing MirageVPN against OpenVPN™
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<h1>Testing MirageVPN against OpenVPN™</h1>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags/ocaml.html">ocaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags/mirageos.html">mirageos</a></li><li><a href="/tags/cryptography.html">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/tags/security.html">security</a></li><li><a href="/tags/testing.html">testing</a></li><li><a href="/tags/vpn.html">vpn</a></li></ul><p>As our last milestone for the <a href="https://www.assure.ngi.eu/">EU NGI Assure</a> funded MirageVPN project (for now) we have been working on testing MirageVPN, our OpenVPN™-compatible VPN implementation against the upstream OpenVPN™.
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-testing">testing</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-vpn">vpn</a></li></ul><p>As our last milestone for the <a href="https://www.assure.ngi.eu/">EU NGI Assure</a> funded MirageVPN project (for now) we have been working on testing MirageVPN, our OpenVPN™-compatible VPN implementation against the upstream OpenVPN™.
During the development we have conducted many manual tests.
However, this scales poorly and it is easy to forget testing certain cases.
Therefore, we designed and implemented interoperability testing, driving the C implementation on the one side, and our OCaml implementation on the other side. The input for such a test is a configuration file that both implementations can use.
@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ This means we can use an off-the-shelf OpenVPN binary from the package repositor
Testing against a future version of OpenVPN becomes trivial.
We do not just test a single part of our implementation but achieve an end-to-end test.
The same configuration files are used for both our implementation and the C implementation, and each configuration is used twice, once our implementation acts as the client, once as the server.</p>
<p>We added a flag to our client and our <a href="miragevpn-server.html">recently finished server</a> applications, <code>--test</code>, which make them to exit once a tunnel is established and an ICMP echo request from the client has been replied to by the server.
<p>We added a flag to our client and our <a href="miragevpn-server">recently finished server</a> applications, <code>--test</code>, which make them to exit once a tunnel is established and an ICMP echo request from the client has been replied to by the server.
Our client and server can be run without a tun device which otherwise would require elevated privileges.
Unfortunately, OpenVPN requires privileges to at least configure a tun device.
Our MirageVPN implementation does IP packet parsing in userspace.

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Robur's blogMirageVPN &amp; tls-crypt-v2
Robur's blog - MirageVPN &amp; tls-crypt-v2
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<meta name="description" content="How we implementated tls-crypt-v2 for miragevpn">
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The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
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<article>
<h1>MirageVPN &amp; tls-crypt-v2</h1>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul><p>In 2019 <a href="https://robur.coop/">Robur</a> started working on a <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn/">OpenVPN™-compatible implementation in OCaml</a>.
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul><p>In 2019 <a href="https://robur.coop/">Robur</a> started working on a <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn/">OpenVPN™-compatible implementation in OCaml</a>.
The project was funded for 6 months in 2019 by <a href="https://prototypefund.de">prototypefund</a>.
In late 2022 we applied again for funding this time to the <a href="https://www.assure.ngi.eu/">NGI Assure</a> open call, and our application was eventually accepted.
In this blog post I will explain why reimplementing the OpenVPN™ protocol in OCaml is a worthwhile effort, and describe the Miragevpn implementation and in particular the <code>tls-crypt-v2</code> mechanism.</p>

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Robur's blogqubes-miragevpn, a MirageVPN client for QubesOS
Robur's blog - qubes-miragevpn, a MirageVPN client for QubesOS
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<meta name="description" content="A new OpenVPN client for QubesOS">
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The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
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<h1>qubes-miragevpn, a MirageVPN client for QubesOS</h1>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-vpn">vpn</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-unikernel">unikernel</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-QubesOS">QubesOS</a></li></ul><p>We are pleased to announce the arrival of a new unikernel:
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-vpn">vpn</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-unikernel">unikernel</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-QubesOS">QubesOS</a></li></ul><p>We are pleased to announce the arrival of a new unikernel:
<a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/qubes-miragevpn">qubes-miragevpn</a>. The latter is the result of work begun
several months ago on <a href="https://github.com/robur-coop/miragevpn">miragevpn</a>.</p>
<p>Indeed, with the ambition of completing our unikernel suite and the success of

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Robur's blogSpeeding elliptic curve cryptography
Robur's blog - Speeding elliptic curve cryptography
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The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
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<h1>Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</h1>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul><p>TL;DR: replacing cstruct with string, we gain a factor of 2.5 in performance.</p>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul><p>TL;DR: replacing cstruct with string, we gain a factor of 2.5 in performance.</p>
<h2 id="mirage-crypto-ec"><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" href="#mirage-crypto-ec"></a>Mirage-crypto-ec</h2>
<p>In April 2021 We published our implementation of <a href="https://hannes.robur.coop/Posts/EC">elliptic curve cryptography</a> (as <code>mirage-crypto-ec</code> opam package) - this is DSA and DH for NIST curves P224, P256, P384, and P521, and also Ed25519 (EdDSA) and X25519 (ECDH). We use <a href="https://github.com/mit-plv/fiat-crypto/">fiat-crypto</a> for the cryptographic primitives, which emits C code that by construction is correct (note: earlier we stated &quot;free of timing side-channels&quot;, but this is a huge challenge, and as <a href="https://discuss.systems/@edwintorok/111925959867297453">reported by Edwin Török</a> likely impossible on current x86 hardware). More C code (such as <code>point_add</code>, <code>point_double</code>, and further 25519 computations including tables) have been taken from the BoringSSL code base. A lot of OCaml code originates from our TLS 1.3 work in 2018, where Etienne Millon, Nathan Rebours, and Clément Pascutto interfaced <a href="https://github.com/mirage/fiat/">elliptic curves for OCaml</a> (with the goal of being usable with MirageOS).</p>
<p>The goal of mirage-crypto-ec was: develop elliptic curve support for OCaml &amp; MirageOS quickly - which didn't leave much time to focus on performance. As time goes by, our mileage varies, and we're keen to use fewer resources - and thus fewer CPU time and a smaller memory footprint is preferable.</p>

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Robur's blogThe new Tar release, a retrospective
Robur's blog - The new Tar release, a retrospective
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<meta name="description" content="A little retrospective to the new Tar release and changes">
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The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
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<h1>The new Tar release, a retrospective</h1>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-Cstruct">Cstruct</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-functors">functors</a></li></ul><p>We are delighted to announce the new release of <code>ocaml-tar</code>. A small library for
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-Cstruct">Cstruct</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-functors">functors</a></li></ul><p>We are delighted to announce the new release of <code>ocaml-tar</code>. A small library for
reading and writing tar archives in OCaml. Since this is a major release, we'll
take the time in this article to explain the work that's been done by the
cooperative on this project.</p>

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<![CDATA[Discoveries made implementing MirageVPN, a OpenVPN-compatible VPN library]]>
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<title>The new Tar release, a retrospective</title>
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<title>Testing MirageVPN against OpenVPN™</title>
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<description><![CDATA[Announcement of our MirageVPN server.]]></description>
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<pubDate>Mon, 17 Jun 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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<title>Speeding up MirageVPN and use it in the wild</title>
<link>https://blog.robur.coop//articles/miragevpn-performance.html</link>
<link>https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn-performance.html</link>
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<![CDATA[Performance engineering of MirageVPN, speeding it up by a factor of 25.]]>
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<pubDate>Tue, 16 Apr 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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<title>GPTar</title>
<link>https://blog.robur.coop//articles/gptar.html</link>
<link>https://blog.robur.coop/articles/gptar.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Hybrid GUID partition table and tar archive]]></description>
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<pubDate>Wed, 21 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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<item>
<title>Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</title>
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<description>
<![CDATA[How we improved the performance of elliptic curves by only modifying the underlying byte array]]>
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</item>
<item>
<title>Cooperation and Lwt.pause</title>
<link>https://blog.robur.coop//articles/lwt_pause.html</link>
<link>https://blog.robur.coop/articles/lwt_pause.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[A disgression about Lwt and Miou]]></description>
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<item>
<title>Python&apos;s `str.__repr__()`</title>
<link>https://blog.robur.coop//articles/2024-02-03-python-str-repr.html</link>
<link>https://blog.robur.coop/articles/2024-02-03-python-str-repr.html</link>
<description><![CDATA[Reimplementing Python string escaping in OCaml]]></description>
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<pubDate>Sat, 03 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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<item>
<title>MirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)</title>
<link>https://blog.robur.coop//articles/miragevpn-ncp.html</link>
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<pubDate>Mon, 20 Nov 2023 00:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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<item>
<title>MirageVPN &amp; tls-crypt-v2</title>
<link>https://blog.robur.coop//articles/miragevpn.html</link>
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index.html
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Robur's blogIndex
Robur's blog - Index
</title>
<meta name="description" content="The famous root of the website">
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://blog.robur.coop/css/hl.css">
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://blog.robur.coop/feed.xml" title="blog.robur.coop">
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<body>
<header>
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
The <strong>Robur</strong> cooperative blog.
</blockquote>
</header>
<main><a class="small-button rss" href="https://blog.robur.coop/feed.xml">RSS</a><p>The Robur blog.</p>
<main><a class="small-button rss" href="/feed.xml">RSS</a><p>The Robur blog.</p>
<h3>Essays and ramblings</h3>
@ -31,10 +31,10 @@
</a></div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">2024-10-25</span>
<a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/dnsvizor01.html">Meet DNSvizor: run your own DHCP and DNS MirageOS unikernel</a><br />
<a href="/articles/dnsvizor01.html">Meet DNSvizor: run your own DHCP and DNS MirageOS unikernel</a><br />
<p>The NGI-funded DNSvizor provides core network services on your network; DNS resolution and DHCP.</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-DNSvizor">DNSvizor</a></li></ul>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-DNSvizor">DNSvizor</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</li><li>
@ -44,10 +44,10 @@
</a></div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">2024-10-22</span>
<a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/arguments.html">Runtime arguments in MirageOS</a><br />
<a href="/articles/arguments.html">Runtime arguments in MirageOS</a><br />
<p>The history of runtime arguments to a MirageOS unikernel</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li></ul>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</li><li>
@ -57,10 +57,10 @@
</a></div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">2024-10-21</span>
<a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/finances.html">How has robur financially been doing since 2018?</a><br />
<a href="/articles/finances.html">How has robur financially been doing since 2018?</a><br />
<p>How we organise as a collective, and why we&apos;re doing that.</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-finances">finances</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-cooperative">cooperative</a></li></ul>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-finances">finances</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-cooperative">cooperative</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</li><li>
@ -70,10 +70,10 @@
</a></div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">2024-08-21</span>
<a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/2024-08-21-OpenVPN-and-MirageVPN.html">MirageVPN and OpenVPN</a><br />
<a href="/articles/2024-08-21-OpenVPN-and-MirageVPN.html">MirageVPN and OpenVPN</a><br />
<p>Discoveries made implementing MirageVPN, a OpenVPN-compatible VPN library</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageVPN">MirageVPN</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OpenVPN">OpenVPN</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageVPN">MirageVPN</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OpenVPN">OpenVPN</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</li><li>
@ -83,10 +83,23 @@
</a></div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">2024-08-15</span>
<a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/tar-release.html">The new Tar release, a retrospective</a><br />
<a href="/articles/tar-release.html">The new Tar release, a retrospective</a><br />
<p>A little retrospective to the new Tar release and changes</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-Cstruct">Cstruct</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-functors">functors</a></li></ul>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-Cstruct">Cstruct</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-functors">functors</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</li><li>
<div class="side">
<a href="https://reyn.ir/">
<img src="https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/54a15736b37879bc9708c1618a7cc130">
</a></div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">2024-06-26</span>
<a href="/articles/miragevpn-testing.html">Testing MirageVPN against OpenVPN™</a><br />
<p>Some notes about how we test MirageVPN against OpenVPN™</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-testing">testing</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-vpn">vpn</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</li><li>
@ -96,10 +109,10 @@
</a></div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">2024-06-24</span>
<a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/qubes-miragevpn.html">qubes-miragevpn, a MirageVPN client for QubesOS</a><br />
<a href="/articles/qubes-miragevpn.html">qubes-miragevpn, a MirageVPN client for QubesOS</a><br />
<p>A new OpenVPN client for QubesOS</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-vpn">vpn</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-unikernel">unikernel</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-QubesOS">QubesOS</a></li></ul>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-vpn">vpn</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-unikernel">unikernel</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-QubesOS">QubesOS</a></li></ul>
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</div>
</li><li>
@ -109,10 +122,10 @@
</a></div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">2024-06-17</span>
<a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn-server.html">MirageVPN server</a><br />
<a href="/articles/miragevpn-server.html">MirageVPN server</a><br />
<p>Announcement of our MirageVPN server.</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li></ul>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</li><li>
@ -122,10 +135,10 @@
</a></div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">2024-04-16</span>
<a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn-performance.html">Speeding up MirageVPN and use it in the wild</a><br />
<a href="/articles/miragevpn-performance.html">Speeding up MirageVPN and use it in the wild</a><br />
<p>Performance engineering of MirageVPN, speeding it up by a factor of 25.</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-performance">performance</a></li></ul>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-performance">performance</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</li><li>
@ -135,10 +148,10 @@
</a></div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">2024-02-21</span>
<a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/gptar.html">GPTar</a><br />
<a href="/articles/gptar.html">GPTar</a><br />
<p>Hybrid GUID partition table and tar archive</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-gpt">gpt</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-tar">tar</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-mbr">mbr</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-persistent storage">persistent storage</a></li></ul>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-gpt">gpt</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-tar">tar</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-mbr">mbr</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-persistent storage">persistent storage</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</li><li>
@ -148,10 +161,10 @@
</a></div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">2024-02-13</span>
<a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/speeding-ec-string.html">Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</a><br />
<a href="/articles/speeding-ec-string.html">Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</a><br />
<p>How we improved the performance of elliptic curves by only modifying the underlying byte array</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul>
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</div>
</li><li>
@ -161,10 +174,10 @@
</a></div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">2024-02-11</span>
<a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/lwt_pause.html">Cooperation and Lwt.pause</a><br />
<a href="/articles/lwt_pause.html">Cooperation and Lwt.pause</a><br />
<p>A disgression about Lwt and Miou</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-Scheduler">Scheduler</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-Community">Community</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-Git">Git</a></li></ul>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-Scheduler">Scheduler</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-Community">Community</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-Git">Git</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</li><li>
@ -174,10 +187,10 @@
</a></div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">2024-02-03</span>
<a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/2024-02-03-python-str-repr.html">Python&apos;s `str.__repr__()`</a><br />
<a href="/articles/2024-02-03-python-str-repr.html">Python&apos;s `str.__repr__()`</a><br />
<p>Reimplementing Python string escaping in OCaml</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-Python">Python</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-unicode">unicode</a></li></ul>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-Python">Python</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-unicode">unicode</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</li><li>
@ -187,10 +200,10 @@
</a></div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">2023-11-20</span>
<a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn-ncp.html">MirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)</a><br />
<a href="/articles/miragevpn-ncp.html">MirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)</a><br />
<p>How we resurrected MirageVPN from its bitrot state</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</li><li>
@ -200,10 +213,10 @@
</a></div>
<div class="content">
<span class="date">2023-11-14</span>
<a href="https://blog.robur.coop/articles/miragevpn.html">MirageVPN &amp; tls-crypt-v2</a><br />
<a href="/articles/miragevpn.html">MirageVPN &amp; tls-crypt-v2</a><br />
<p>How we implementated tls-crypt-v2 for miragevpn</p>
<div class="bottom">
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li><li><a href="https://blog.robur.coop/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul>
<ul class="tags-list"><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li><li><a href="/tags.html#tag-security">security</a></li></ul>
</div>
</div>
</li></ol>

19
tags.html
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
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Robur's blog
Robur's blog - Tags
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@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
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<main><a href="/index.html">Back to index</a>
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="#tag-Community">Community</a></li><li><a href="#tag-Cstruct">Cstruct</a></li><li><a href="#tag-DNSvizor">DNSvizor</a></li><li><a href="#tag-Git">Git</a></li><li><a href="#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="#tag-MirageVPN">MirageVPN</a></li><li><a href="#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="#tag-OpenVPN">OpenVPN</a></li><li><a href="#tag-Python">Python</a></li><li><a href="#tag-QubesOS">QubesOS</a></li><li><a href="#tag-Scheduler">Scheduler</a></li><li><a href="#tag-Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li><li><a href="#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li><li><a href="#tag-cooperative">cooperative</a></li><li><a href="#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="#tag-finances">finances</a></li><li><a href="#tag-functors">functors</a></li><li><a href="#tag-gpt">gpt</a></li><li><a href="#tag-mbr">mbr</a></li><li><a href="#tag-performance">performance</a></li><li><a href="#tag-persistent storage">persistent storage</a></li><li><a href="#tag-security">security</a></li><li><a href="#tag-tar">tar</a></li><li><a href="#tag-unicode">unicode</a></li><li><a href="#tag-unikernel">unikernel</a></li><li><a href="#tag-vpn">vpn</a></li></ul><div class="tag-box" id="tag-Community">
<ul class="tags-list aeration"><li><a href="#tag-Community">Community</a></li><li><a href="#tag-Cstruct">Cstruct</a></li><li><a href="#tag-DNSvizor">DNSvizor</a></li><li><a href="#tag-Git">Git</a></li><li><a href="#tag-MirageOS">MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="#tag-MirageVPN">MirageVPN</a></li><li><a href="#tag-OCaml">OCaml</a></li><li><a href="#tag-OpenVPN">OpenVPN</a></li><li><a href="#tag-Python">Python</a></li><li><a href="#tag-QubesOS">QubesOS</a></li><li><a href="#tag-Scheduler">Scheduler</a></li><li><a href="#tag-Unikernel">Unikernel</a></li><li><a href="#tag-VPN">VPN</a></li><li><a href="#tag-cooperative">cooperative</a></li><li><a href="#tag-cryptography">cryptography</a></li><li><a href="#tag-finances">finances</a></li><li><a href="#tag-functors">functors</a></li><li><a href="#tag-gpt">gpt</a></li><li><a href="#tag-mbr">mbr</a></li><li><a href="#tag-performance">performance</a></li><li><a href="#tag-persistent storage">persistent storage</a></li><li><a href="#tag-security">security</a></li><li><a href="#tag-tar">tar</a></li><li><a href="#tag-testing">testing</a></li><li><a href="#tag-unicode">unicode</a></li><li><a href="#tag-unikernel">unikernel</a></li><li><a href="#tag-vpn">vpn</a></li></ul><div class="tag-box" id="tag-Community">
<h3>
<span>Community</span>
</h3>
@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
<h3>
<span>MirageOS</span>
</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn.html">MirageVPN &amp; tls-crypt-v2</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-ncp.html">MirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)</a></li><li><a href="/articles/speeding-ec-string.html">Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-performance.html">Speeding up MirageVPN and use it in the wild</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-server.html">MirageVPN server</a></li><li><a href="/articles/arguments.html">Runtime arguments in MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/articles/dnsvizor01.html">Meet DNSvizor: run your own DHCP and DNS MirageOS unikernel</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn.html">MirageVPN &amp; tls-crypt-v2</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-ncp.html">MirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)</a></li><li><a href="/articles/speeding-ec-string.html">Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-performance.html">Speeding up MirageVPN and use it in the wild</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-server.html">MirageVPN server</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-testing.html">Testing MirageVPN against OpenVPN™</a></li><li><a href="/articles/arguments.html">Runtime arguments in MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/articles/dnsvizor01.html">Meet DNSvizor: run your own DHCP and DNS MirageOS unikernel</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="tag-box" id="tag-MirageVPN">
<h3>
<span>MirageVPN</span>
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
<h3>
<span>OCaml</span>
</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn.html">MirageVPN &amp; tls-crypt-v2</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-ncp.html">MirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)</a></li><li><a href="/articles/2024-02-03-python-str-repr.html">Python&apos;s `str.__repr__()`</a></li><li><a href="/articles/lwt_pause.html">Cooperation and Lwt.pause</a></li><li><a href="/articles/speeding-ec-string.html">Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/articles/gptar.html">GPTar</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-performance.html">Speeding up MirageVPN and use it in the wild</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-server.html">MirageVPN server</a></li><li><a href="/articles/qubes-miragevpn.html">qubes-miragevpn, a MirageVPN client for QubesOS</a></li><li><a href="/articles/tar-release.html">The new Tar release, a retrospective</a></li><li><a href="/articles/arguments.html">Runtime arguments in MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/articles/dnsvizor01.html">Meet DNSvizor: run your own DHCP and DNS MirageOS unikernel</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn.html">MirageVPN &amp; tls-crypt-v2</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-ncp.html">MirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)</a></li><li><a href="/articles/2024-02-03-python-str-repr.html">Python&apos;s `str.__repr__()`</a></li><li><a href="/articles/lwt_pause.html">Cooperation and Lwt.pause</a></li><li><a href="/articles/speeding-ec-string.html">Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/articles/gptar.html">GPTar</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-performance.html">Speeding up MirageVPN and use it in the wild</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-server.html">MirageVPN server</a></li><li><a href="/articles/qubes-miragevpn.html">qubes-miragevpn, a MirageVPN client for QubesOS</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-testing.html">Testing MirageVPN against OpenVPN™</a></li><li><a href="/articles/tar-release.html">The new Tar release, a retrospective</a></li><li><a href="/articles/arguments.html">Runtime arguments in MirageOS</a></li><li><a href="/articles/dnsvizor01.html">Meet DNSvizor: run your own DHCP and DNS MirageOS unikernel</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="tag-box" id="tag-OpenVPN">
<h3>
<span>OpenVPN</span>
@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
<h3>
<span>cryptography</span>
</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/articles/speeding-ec-string.html">Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-performance.html">Speeding up MirageVPN and use it in the wild</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-server.html">MirageVPN server</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/articles/speeding-ec-string.html">Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-performance.html">Speeding up MirageVPN and use it in the wild</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-server.html">MirageVPN server</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-testing.html">Testing MirageVPN against OpenVPN™</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="tag-box" id="tag-finances">
<h3>
<span>finances</span>
@ -131,12 +131,17 @@
<h3>
<span>security</span>
</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn.html">MirageVPN &amp; tls-crypt-v2</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-ncp.html">MirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)</a></li><li><a href="/articles/speeding-ec-string.html">Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-performance.html">Speeding up MirageVPN and use it in the wild</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-server.html">MirageVPN server</a></li><li><a href="/articles/2024-08-21-OpenVPN-and-MirageVPN.html">MirageVPN and OpenVPN</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn.html">MirageVPN &amp; tls-crypt-v2</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-ncp.html">MirageVPN updated (AEAD, NCP)</a></li><li><a href="/articles/speeding-ec-string.html">Speeding elliptic curve cryptography</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-performance.html">Speeding up MirageVPN and use it in the wild</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-server.html">MirageVPN server</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-testing.html">Testing MirageVPN against OpenVPN™</a></li><li><a href="/articles/2024-08-21-OpenVPN-and-MirageVPN.html">MirageVPN and OpenVPN</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="tag-box" id="tag-tar">
<h3>
<span>tar</span>
</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/articles/gptar.html">GPTar</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="tag-box" id="tag-testing">
<h3>
<span>testing</span>
</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-testing.html">Testing MirageVPN against OpenVPN™</a></li></ul>
</div><div class="tag-box" id="tag-unicode">
<h3>
<span>unicode</span>
@ -151,7 +156,7 @@
<h3>
<span>vpn</span>
</h3>
<ul><li><a href="/articles/qubes-miragevpn.html">qubes-miragevpn, a MirageVPN client for QubesOS</a></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="/articles/qubes-miragevpn.html">qubes-miragevpn, a MirageVPN client for QubesOS</a></li><li><a href="/articles/miragevpn-testing.html">Testing MirageVPN against OpenVPN™</a></li></ul>
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